vc-dwim 1 Introduction 2 Version-control wrapper functionality 2.1 How can you use vc-dwim? 2.2 Initializing vc-dwim 2.3 Invoking vc-dwim 3 What can vc-chlog do? 3.1 Getting up and going with vc-chlog 3.2 Invoking vc-chlog 3.3 How vc-chlog works 3.4 Reporting bugs Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License vc-dwim ******* This manual is for vc-dwim (version 1.10, 26 January 2020), a version-control-agnostic ChangeLog diff and commit tool, and vc-chlog, a ChangeLog writing helper tool. Copyright © 2006–2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover texts and no Back-Cover Texts. 1 Introduction ************** vc-dwim is a version-control-agnostic ‘ChangeLog’ diff and commit tool. vc-chlog is a ‘ChangeLog’ writing helper tool. Both tools are useful if you like to maintain a ‘ChangeLog’ file describing the changes you make to version-controlled files. vc-dwim works with the following version control systems: bzr, CVS, git, mercurial, SVN, and darcs. It should be easy to add support for more. vc-dwim can save you from making some small mistakes when using version control programs from the command line. For example, if you have unsaved changes in an editor buffer and use vc-dwim to print diffs or to commit changes involving that file, it will detect the problem, tell you about it, and fail. This works as long as you use Emacs or Vim. Another common error you can avoid with this tool is the one where you create a new file, add its name to ‘Makefile’s, etc., mention the addition in a ‘ChangeLog’, but forget to e.g., ‘git add’ (or ‘hg add’, etc.) the file to the version control system. vc-dwim detects this discrepancy and fails with a diagnostic explaining the probable situation. You might also have simply mistyped the file name in the ChangeLog. Also, vc-dwim makes it a little easier/safer to commit a strict subset of the modified files in a working directory. But no one ever does *that*. 2 Version-control wrapper functionality *************************************** 2.1 How can you use vc-dwim? ============================ Print diffs of arbitrary files: ------------------------------- Use an alias like this to show all or specified diffs: alias cv='vc-dwim --diff' Use that when you want to see diffs of a specified file, regardless of whether you have written new ‘ChangeLog’ entries for it. It works the same for ‘bzr’, ‘cvs’, ‘git’, ‘hg’, ‘svn’, and ‘darcs’ repositories, as long as all you want are the difference between your local copy and the checked out version. Print diffs of files with new ‘ChangeLog’ entries: -------------------------------------------------- Let’s say you have made local changes to a file, and you’ve also added at least one corresponding entry in a ‘ChangeLog’ file. Then, you can use ‘vc-dwim ChangeLog’ to print the diffs for which there are ‘ChangeLog’ entries, warning about the potential problems mentioned above (editor temporaries that can imply there are unsaved changes, and files listed in ‘ChangeLog’, but not ‘cvs add’ed). If your changes affect files covered by more than one ChangeLog, you might use ‘vc-dwim ChangeLog lib/ChangeLog’, or more concisely, ‘vc-dwim {,lib/}ChangeLog’. Commit changes to files with new ‘ChangeLog’ entries: ----------------------------------------------------- Use ‘vc-dwim --commit ChangeLog’ or ‘vc-dwim --commit ChangeLog lib/ChangeLog src/ChangeLog’ to commit the changes you would see without the ‘--commit’ option. Assuming you have completed a change and have documented everything in one or more ‘ChangeLog’ file, run ‘vc-dwim --commit ChangeLog’ to commit that ‘ChangeLog’ file and the files “implied” by the new ChangeLog lines. The commit log message is derived from the added ‘ChangeLog’ lines. With a single ‘ChangeLog’ file, the log message is nearly identical to the list of added lines. One leading is removed and any ‘date user-name ’ lines are elided. When there are two or more ‘ChangeLog’ files, the log message includes a line for each indicating the affected directory. For example: [ChangeLog] * some-file-in-top-level-dir: ... [lib/ChangeLog] * lib.c: ... [m4/ChangeLog] * foo.m4: ... After committing a change, do not erase or edit the ChangeLog file. When writing further changes, just prepend to the top of ChangeLog, as usual. vc-dwim requires that the only changes to ChangeLog are additions at the beginning of the file. If you feel the need to edit past log entries, this needs to be done in the VC log, not by editing ChangeLog. 2.2 Initializing vc-dwim ======================== vc-dwim operates based on a ChangeLog file; if you maintain a ChangeLog as part of your source tree, you don’t need to do anything special to set up to use vc-dwim; just run it. However, it is common practice nowadays for source trees not to have ChangeLog files, but instead to have them derived for distributions or on demand (‘make ChangeLog’, with one common GNU infrastructure). So, how to use vc-dwim in this case? It still needs a ChangeLog. The answer is to run ‘vc-dwim --initialize’. This sets up your own, private ‘ChangeLog’ file in a git repository rooted at ‘VCDIR/c/’, with a symlink to it from the top level directory of the source tree in which you’d like to use vc-dwim. Your own source tree need not use git; VCDIR in the above refers to the version-control system’s control directory, such as ‘.svn’, ‘_darcs’, etc., as well as ‘.git’. The ‘VCDIR/c/.git’ repository is always independent of your own source tree. Then you can make ChangeLog entries as usual, and proceed with use of vc-dwim. You can also set up your own repository of whatever type and make your own symlinked top-level ChangeLog into it; there’s nothing magical about ‘--initialize’ or the ‘VCDIR/c/’ location. 2.3 Invoking vc-dwim ==================== Synopsis: vc-dwim [OPTION...]vc-dwim [OPTION...]vc-dwim [OPTION...]vc-dwim [OPTION...]vc-dwim [OPTION...] By default, each command line argument should be a locally modified, version-controlled ‘ChangeLog’ file. If there is no command line argument, ‘vc-dwim’ tries to use the ‘ChangeLog’ file in the current directory. In this default mode, ‘vc-dwim’ works by first computing diffs of those files and parsing the diff output to determine which named files are being changed. Then, it diffs the affected files and prints the resulting output. One advantage of using this tool is that before printing any diffs, it warns you if it sees that a ‘ChangeLog’ or an affected file has unsaved changes. It detects that by searching for an editor temporary file corresponding to each affected file. Another common error you can avoid with this tool is the one where you create a new file, add its name to ‘Makefile’s, etc., mention the addition in ‘ChangeLog’ but forget to e.g., ‘git add’ (or ‘hg add’, etc.) the file to the version control system. ‘vc-dwim’ detects this discrepancy and fails with a diagnostic explaining the probable situation. You might also have simply mistyped the file name in the ‘ChangeLog’. Once you are happy with your ‘ChangeLog’-derived diffs, you can commit those changes and the ‘ChangeLog’ simply by rerunning the command with the ‘--commit’ option. But what if you’d like to use ‘vc-dwim’ on a project that doesn’t have or want a ‘ChangeLog’ file? In that case, you can maintain your own ChangeLog file. This is what the ‘--initialize’ option sets up for you, or you can perform equivalent steps by hand (*note Initializing vc-dwim::). ‘vc-dwim’ accepts the following options: ‘--help’ Display help and exit. ‘--version’ Output version information and exit. ‘--author="User Name "’ Specify the user name and email address of the author of this change set. ‘--commit’ Perform the commit, too. ‘-n’ ‘--dry-run’ Print the commands that would be run instead of running them. ‘--diff’ Determine which version control system manages the first ‘FILE’, then use that to print diffs of the named ‘FILE’s. If no ‘FILE’ is specified, print all diffs for the current hierarchy. ‘--print-vc-list’ Print the list of recognized version control names, then exit. ‘--initialize’ Prepare a source tree with no ‘ChangeLog’ file for use with vc-dwim (*note Initializing vc-dwim::). ‘--verbose’ Generate verbose output. ‘--debug’ Generate debug output; implies ‘--verbose’. This tool can be useful to you only if you use a version control system. It’s most useful if you maintain a ‘ChangeLog’ file and create a log entry per file per “commit” operation. Relies on fairly strict adherence to recommended ‘ChangeLog’ syntax. Detects editor temporaries created by Emacs and Vim. Patches to detect temporaries created by other editors are welcome. 3 What can vc-chlog do? *********************** vc-chlog is about writing GNU Coding Standards-compliant ‘ChangeLog’ entries easily, *note ChangeLog: (standards)Change Logs. 3.1 Getting up and going with vc-chlog ====================================== Say you have made some changes to your code, ready to be committed. The only remaining part is to write one or more ‘ChangeLog’ entries: for each ‘ChangeLog’ governing a part of the package, collect the list of changed files, in each file list the changed functions, and mention all of those, in order to afterwards describe the changes: 1984-01-01 A.U. Thor * file1.c (foo, bar, ...): ... * file2.c (baz): ... ‘vc-chlog’ attempts to help with this step. It scans the diff (obtained by ‘vc-dwim --diff’ or passed on standard input with ‘--stdin’) for the files that were touched and the set of lines that have been changed. It then uses the ‘ctags’ program to try to find out in which functions those changes have occurred, and formats the file and functions names in a prototype ‘ChangeLog’ entry form on standard output. Finding identifiers for what has changed: ----------------------------------------- There is a crucial assumption behind this idea to work well in practice: ctags should be able to generate tags for the identifiers that changed. For example, it should list functions in C source files (but not function-local or other nested entities); it should list macros in M4 files (e.g., those that serve as input to Autoconf), or it should list ‘@node’s in Texinfo files. The output of ‘vc-chlog’ improves with that of ctags. Exuberant Ctags is a powerful and extensible implementation of this command, and therefore preferred. For example, with the ‘.ctags’ file in this package: --langmap=Sh:+.in it detects the shell script ‘vc-chlog’ as such. With a ‘~/.ctags’ containing --langdef=Texinfo --langmap=Texinfo:.texi.txi.texinfo --regex-texinfo=/^@node[ ]+([^,]+)/\1/d,definition/ it detects Texinfo node names (‘vc-chlog’ uses some heuristics to deal with spaces in the identifier names when Exuberant Ctags is used). Autoconf macros may be tagged by options such as --langdef=m4 --langmap=m4:.m4.at.ac.as.m4sh --regex-m4=/^(m4_def(ine|un(|_once))|A[CU]_DEFUN(|_ONCE)|AU_ALIAS)\ \(\[*([a-zA-Z0-9_()+]+)/\5/d,definition/ ‘vc-chlog’ tries to find out about added as well as removed identifiers by examining both the new and the old version of a file. Here, it works hard not to change any file in your working directory, by using ‘ctags -x’ and keeping all intermediate files in a temporary directory. For some languages, ‘vc-chlog’ attempts to guess where functions end, and thus not attribute changes past that end to the previous identifier. Typically, ‘vc-chlog’ is exact in the list of files that changed; false negatives in the list of identifiers stem from a ‘ctags’ that failed to enumerate all identifiers properly, or changes before a function, and false positives typically stem from constructs like nested functions. Use ‘vc-chlog’ with multiple ‘ChangeLog’ files in a project: ------------------------------------------------------------ If a project uses multiple ‘ChangeLog’ files, ‘vc-chlog’ assumes that changes are to be recorded in the log file that is nearest up the directory tree. One possibility is to invoke ‘vc-chlog’ always from the project root and put the output of find . -name ChangeLog | sed 's,^\./,--changelog ,' into the ‘.vc-chlogrc’ file at the root. 3.2 Invoking vc-chlog ===================== Synopsis: vc-chlog [OPTION...] ‘vc-dwim’ accepts the following options: ‘--address ADDRESS’ Use ADDRESS as email address. ‘--changelog CFILE’ For all changes to files below the dirname of ‘CFILE’, generate an entry for ‘CFILE’ with stripped names. This option may be passed multiple times. ‘--stdin’ Read unified diff from stdin instead of with ‘vc-dwim’. ‘--tabsize COLS’ Assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8. ‘--user-name NAME’ Use NAME as user name. ‘--width COLS’ Wrap ‘ChangeLog’ entry at COLS instead of 72. ‘--no-functions’ Do not try to parse the names of functions or other identifiers that changed. ‘--dirty-workdir’ Assume that the working directory has other changes unrelated to the patch (usually given with ‘--stdin’). This will let the file be recreated from the version control index or cache, if any. ‘--debug’ Inhibit temp file cleanup and show much shell execution. ‘--help’ Display this help and exit. ‘--version’ Output version information and exit. The environment variables ‘TMPDIR’ and ‘USER’ are honored. The files ‘~/.vc-chlogrc’ and ‘.vc-chlogrc’ may contain default options, possibly with double-quoted arguments, and comment lines starting with ‘#’. 3.3 How vc-chlog works ====================== At the heart of ‘vc-chlog’, there is a long pipe that processes a prototype ‘ChangeLog’ entry from a patch and a source tree. This source tree is assumed to be patched, i.e., already has the patch applied. From the patch text, ‘func_extract_changed_lines’ generates a list of changes. For each changed file, it outputs a line containing the ‘FILENAME’, a strip prefix, a couple of integers D1 and D2, then a list of ranges, all separated with spaces. The strip prefix is the argument that needs to be passed to the ‘-p’ option of the ‘patch’ command. The integers D1 and D2 denote the line numbers of the patch text that deal with ‘FILENAME’, while the ranges deal with line numbers within the file ‘FILENAME’. A range consists of four minus-separated integers ‘A-B-C-D’. They denote that, in the old version of ‘FILENAME’, lines A through B inclusively have been changed and end up as lines C through D inclusively in the new file. Purely added or purely removed lines are denoted with a ‘0-0’ pair. This information is passed to ‘func_extract_identifiers’, the heart of the script. Unless identifier extraction has been disabled with ‘--no-functions’, for each changed file, it calls a helper function ‘func_taglist’, which uses ‘ctags -x’ to obtain a list of identifiers in both the new, and the old version of the file. These lists are ordered by line number. Changes between two consecutive identifiers will later be assumed to change the earlier of the two. While this works reasonably well for functions, it fails, for example, for global variable declarations or changes to comments outside of functions. So ‘func_taglist’ applies some heuristics to guess the end of a function, e.g. a closing brace in the first column, and inserts an empty tag there. With all tags in place, ‘func_extract_identifiers’ selects those that match the change intervals, merges the lists from the old and the new file, and outputs them, avoiding duplicates and roughly maintaining the order of the identifiers in the new file. Care is taken throughout that the tags may contain spaces, so that Texinfo ‘@node’s may be listed as tags. In a couple of final steps, the sets of files with identifiers are keyed to one or more ‘ChangeLog’ files throughout the source tree using ‘func_sortby_chlog’, and a GCS-style ‘ChangeLog’ entry stub is formatted with ‘func_pretty_changelog_entry’. The fact that ‘vc-chlog’ is written as a portable shell script, using ‘awk’, ‘sed’, and other POSIX tools freely, adds to the compactness of the script, added to the fun in writing it, necessitates slightly awkward data constructs, and probably impedes easy modification and debugging. This might be construed as a bug. 3.4 Reporting bugs ================== Email bug reports and all other discussion to , a mailing list whose web page is . Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License ***************************************** Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. 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