17.9.1 Allocating Pseudo-Terminals

This subsection describes functions for allocating a pseudo-terminal, and for making this pseudo-terminal available for actual use. These functions are declared in the header file stdlib.h.

Function: int posix_openpt (int flags) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe fd | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

posix_openpt returns a new file descriptor for the next available master pseudo-terminal. In the case of an error, it returns a value of -1 instead, and sets errno to indicate the error. See Opening and Closing Files for possible values of errno.

flags is a bit mask created from a bitwise OR of zero or more of the following flags:

O_RDWR

Open the device for both reading and writing. It is usual to specify this flag.

O_NOCTTY

Do not make the device the controlling terminal for the process.

These flags are defined in fcntl.h. See File Access Modes.

For this function to be available, _XOPEN_SOURCE must be defined to a value greater than ‘600’. See Feature Test Macros.

Function: int getpt (void) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe fd | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

getpt is similar to posix_openpt. This function is a GNU extension and should not be used in portable programs.

The getpt function returns a new file descriptor for the next available master pseudo-terminal. The normal return value from getpt is a non-negative integer file descriptor. In the case of an error, a value of -1 is returned instead. The following errno conditions are defined for this function:

ENOENT

There are no free master pseudo-terminals available.

Function: int grantpt (int filedes) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe locale | AS-Unsafe dlopen plugin heap lock | AC-Unsafe corrupt lock fd mem | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

The grantpt function changes the ownership and access permission of the slave pseudo-terminal device corresponding to the master pseudo-terminal device associated with the file descriptor filedes. The owner is set from the real user ID of the calling process (see The Persona of a Process), and the group is set to a special group (typically tty) or from the real group ID of the calling process. The access permission is set such that the file is both readable and writable by the owner and only writable by the group.

On some systems this function is implemented by invoking a special setuid root program (see How an Application Can Change Persona). As a consequence, installing a signal handler for the SIGCHLD signal (see Job Control Signals) may interfere with a call to grantpt.

The normal return value from grantpt is 0; a value of -1 is returned in case of failure. The following errno error conditions are defined for this function:

EBADF

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor.

EINVAL

The filedes argument is not associated with a master pseudo-terminal device.

EACCES

The slave pseudo-terminal device corresponding to the master associated with filedes could not be accessed.

Function: int unlockpt (int filedes) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Unsafe heap/bsd | AC-Unsafe mem fd | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

The unlockpt function unlocks the slave pseudo-terminal device corresponding to the master pseudo-terminal device associated with the file descriptor filedes. On many systems, the slave can only be opened after unlocking, so portable applications should always call unlockpt before trying to open the slave.

The normal return value from unlockpt is 0; a value of -1 is returned in case of failure. The following errno error conditions are defined for this function:

EBADF

The filedes argument is not a valid file descriptor.

EINVAL

The filedes argument is not associated with a master pseudo-terminal device.

Function: char * ptsname (int filedes) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Unsafe race:ptsname | AS-Unsafe heap/bsd | AC-Unsafe mem fd | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

If the file descriptor filedes is associated with a master pseudo-terminal device, the ptsname function returns a pointer to a statically-allocated, null-terminated string containing the file name of the associated slave pseudo-terminal file. This string might be overwritten by subsequent calls to ptsname.

Function: int ptsname_r (int filedes, char *buf, size_t len) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Unsafe heap/bsd | AC-Unsafe mem fd | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

The ptsname_r function is similar to the ptsname function except that it places its result into the user-specified buffer starting at buf with length len.

This function is a GNU extension.

Typical usage of these functions is illustrated by the following example:

int
open_pty_pair (int *amaster, int *aslave)
{
  int master, slave;
  char *name;

  master = posix_openpt (O_RDWR | O_NOCTTY);
  if (master < 0)
    return 0;

  if (grantpt (master) < 0 || unlockpt (master) < 0)
    goto close_master;
  name = ptsname (master);
  if (name == NULL)
    goto close_master;

  slave = open (name, O_RDWR);
  if (slave == -1)
    goto close_master;

  *amaster = master;
  *aslave = slave;
  return 1;

close_slave:
  close (slave);

close_master:
  close (master);
  return 0;
}