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20.8.3 Rounding Functions

The functions listed here perform operations such as rounding and truncation of floating-point values. Some of these functions convert floating point numbers to integer values. They are all declared in math.h.

You can also convert floating-point numbers to integers simply by casting them to int. This discards the fractional part, effectively rounding towards zero. However, this only works if the result can actually be represented as an int—for very large numbers, this is impossible. The functions listed here return the result as a double instead to get around this problem.

The fromfp functions use the following macros, from TS 18661-1:2014, to specify the direction of rounding. These correspond to the rounding directions defined in IEEE 754-2008.

FP_INT_UPWARD ¶

Round toward +∞.

FP_INT_DOWNWARD ¶

Round toward -∞.

FP_INT_TOWARDZERO ¶

Round toward zero.

FP_INT_TONEARESTFROMZERO ¶

Round to nearest, ties round away from zero.

FP_INT_TONEAREST ¶

Round to nearest, ties round to even.

Function: double ceil (double x) ¶

Function: float ceilf (float x) ¶

Function: long double ceill (long double x) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

These functions round x upwards to the nearest integer, returning that value as a double. Thus, ceil (1.5) is 2.0.

Function: double floor (double x) ¶

Function: float floorf (float x) ¶

Function: long double floorl (long double x) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

These functions round x downwards to the nearest integer, returning that value as a double. Thus, floor (1.5) is 1.0 and floor (-1.5) is -2.0.

Function: double trunc (double x) ¶

Function: float truncf (float x) ¶

Function: long double truncl (long double x) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

The trunc functions round x towards zero to the nearest integer (returned in floating-point format). Thus, trunc (1.5) is 1.0 and trunc (-1.5) is -1.0.

Function: double rint (double x) ¶

Function: float rintf (float x) ¶

Function: long double rintl (long double x) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

These functions round x to an integer value according to the current rounding mode. See Floating Point Parameters, for information about the various rounding modes. The default rounding mode is to round to the nearest integer; some machines support other modes, but round-to-nearest is always used unless you explicitly select another.

If x was not initially an integer, these functions raise the inexact exception.

Function: double nearbyint (double x) ¶

Function: float nearbyintf (float x) ¶

Function: long double nearbyintl (long double x) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

These functions return the same value as the rint functions, but do not raise the inexact exception if x is not an integer.

Function: double round (double x) ¶

Function: float roundf (float x) ¶

Function: long double roundl (long double x) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

These functions are similar to rint, but they round halfway cases away from zero instead of to the nearest integer (or other current rounding mode).

Function: double roundeven (double x) ¶

Function: float roundevenf (float x) ¶

Function: long double roundevenl (long double x) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

These functions, from TS 18661-1:2014, are similar to round, but they round halfway cases to even instead of away from zero.

Function: long int lrint (double x) ¶

Function: long int lrintf (float x) ¶

Function: long int lrintl (long double x) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

These functions are just like rint, but they return a long int instead of a floating-point number.

Function: long long int llrint (double x) ¶

Function: long long int llrintf (float x) ¶

Function: long long int llrintl (long double x) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

These functions are just like rint, but they return a long long int instead of a floating-point number.

Function: long int lround (double x) ¶

Function: long int lroundf (float x) ¶

Function: long int lroundl (long double x) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

These functions are just like round, but they return a long int instead of a floating-point number.

Function: long long int llround (double x) ¶

Function: long long int llroundf (float x) ¶

Function: long long int llroundl (long double x) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

These functions are just like round, but they return a long long int instead of a floating-point number.

Function: intmax_t fromfp (double x, int round, unsigned int width) ¶

Function: intmax_t fromfpf (float x, int round, unsigned int width) ¶

Function: intmax_t fromfpl (long double x, int round, unsigned int width) ¶

Function: uintmax_t ufromfp (double x, int round, unsigned int width) ¶

Function: uintmax_t ufromfpf (float x, int round, unsigned int width) ¶

Function: uintmax_t ufromfpl (long double x, int round, unsigned int width) ¶

Function: intmax_t fromfpx (double x, int round, unsigned int width) ¶

Function: intmax_t fromfpxf (float x, int round, unsigned int width) ¶

Function: intmax_t fromfpxl (long double x, int round, unsigned int width) ¶

Function: uintmax_t ufromfpx (double x, int round, unsigned int width) ¶

Function: uintmax_t ufromfpxf (float x, int round, unsigned int width) ¶

Function: uintmax_t ufromfpxl (long double x, int round, unsigned int width) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

These functions, from TS 18661-1:2014, convert a floating-point number to an integer according to the rounding direction round (one of the FP_INT_* macros). If the integer is outside the range of a signed or unsigned (depending on the return type of the function) type of width width bits (or outside the range of the return type, if width is larger), or if x is infinite or NaN, or if width is zero, a domain error occurs and an unspecified value is returned. The functions with an ‘x’ in their names raise the inexact exception when a domain error does not occur and the argument is not an integer; the other functions do not raise the inexact exception.

Function: double modf (double value, double *integer-part) ¶

Function: float modff (float value, float *integer-part) ¶

Function: long double modfl (long double value, long double *integer-part) ¶

Preliminary: | MT-Safe | AS-Safe | AC-Safe | See POSIX Safety Concepts.

These functions break the argument value into an integer part and a fractional part (between -1 and 1, exclusive). Their sum equals value. Each of the parts has the same sign as value, and the integer part is always rounded toward zero.

modf stores the integer part in *integer-part, and returns the fractional part. For example, modf (2.5, &intpart) returns 0.5 and stores 2.0 into intpart.