Emacs is not supposed to crash, but if it does, it produces a crash report prior to exiting. The crash report is printed to the standard error stream. If Emacs was started from a graphical desktop on a GNU or Unix system, the standard error stream is commonly redirected to a file such as ~/.xsession-errors, so you can look for the crash report there. On MS-Windows, the crash report is written to a file named emacs_backtrace.txt in the current directory of the Emacs process, in addition to the standard error stream.
The format of the crash report depends on the platform. On some platforms, such as those using the GNU C Library, the crash report includes a backtrace describing the execution state prior to crashing, which can be used to help debug the crash. Here is an example for a GNU system:
Fatal error 11: Segmentation fault Backtrace: emacs[0x5094e4] emacs[0x4ed3e6] emacs[0x4ed504] /lib64/libpthread.so.0[0x375220efe0] /lib64/libpthread.so.0(read+0xe)[0x375220e08e] emacs[0x509af6] emacs[0x5acc26] …
The number ‘11’ is the system signal number corresponding to the
crash—in this case a segmentation fault. The hexadecimal numbers
are program addresses, which can be associated with source code lines
using a debugging tool. For example, the GDB command
‘list *0x509af6’ prints the source-code lines corresponding to
the ‘emacs[0x509af6]’ entry. If your system has the
addr2line utility, the following shell command outputs a
backtrace with source-code line numbers:
sed -n 's/.*\[\(.*\)]$/\1/p' backtrace | addr2line -C -f -i -p -e bindir/emacs-binary
On MS-Windows, the backtrace looks somewhat differently, for example:
Backtrace: 00007ff61166a12e 00007ff611538be1 00007ff611559601 00007ff6116ce84a 00007ff9b7977ff0 …
Therefore, the filtering via sed is not required, and the
command to show the source-code line number is
addr2line -C -f -i -p -e bindir/emacs-binary < backtrace
Here, backtrace is the name of a text file containing a copy of
the backtrace (on MS-Windows, emacs_backtrace.txt in the
directory where Emacs was started), bindir is the name of the
directory that contains the Emacs executable, and emacs-binary
is the name of the Emacs executable file, normally emacs on GNU
and Unix systems and emacs.exe on MS-Windows and MS-DOS. Omit
the -p option if your version of addr2line is too
old to have it.
Optionally, Emacs can generate a core dump when it crashes, on systems that support core files. A core dump is a file containing voluminous data about the state of the program prior to the crash, usually examined by loading it into a debugger such as GDB. On many platforms, core dumps are disabled by default, and you must explicitly enable them by running the shell command ‘ulimit -c unlimited’ (e.g., in your shell startup script).