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42.3 Operating System Environment

Emacs provides access to variables in the operating system environment through various functions. These variables include the name of the system, the user’s UID, and so on.

Variable: system-configuration ¶

This variable holds the standard GNU configuration name for the hardware/software configuration of your system, as a string. For example, a typical value for a 64-bit GNU/Linux system is ‘"x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"’.

Variable: system-type ¶

The value of this variable is a symbol indicating the type of operating system Emacs is running on. The possible values are:

aix

IBM’s AIX.

berkeley-unix

Berkeley BSD and its variants.

cygwin

Cygwin, a POSIX layer on top of MS-Windows.

darwin

Darwin (macOS).

gnu

The GNU system (using the GNU kernel, which consists of the HURD and Mach).

gnu/linux

A GNU/Linux system—that is, a variant GNU system, using the Linux kernel. (These systems are the ones people often call “Linux”, but actually Linux is just the kernel, not the whole system.)

gnu/kfreebsd

A GNU (glibc-based) system with a FreeBSD kernel.

haiku

The Haiku operating system, a derivative of the Be Operating System.

hpux

Hewlett-Packard HPUX operating system.

nacl

Google Native Client (NaCl) sandboxing system.

ms-dos

Microsoft’s DOS. Emacs compiled with DJGPP for MS-DOS binds system-type to ms-dos even when you run it on MS-Windows.

usg-unix-v

AT&T Unix System V.

windows-nt

Microsoft Windows NT, 9X and later. The value of system-type is always windows-nt, e.g., even on Windows 10.

We do not wish to add new symbols to make finer distinctions unless it is absolutely necessary! In fact, we hope to eliminate some of these alternatives in the future. If you need to make a finer distinction than system-type allows for, you can test system-configuration, e.g., against a regexp.

Function: system-name ¶

This function returns the name of the machine you are running on, as a string.

User Option: mail-host-address ¶

If this variable is non-nil, it is used instead of system-name for purposes of generating email addresses. For example, it is used when constructing the default value of user-mail-address. See User Identification.

Command: getenv var &optional frame ¶

This function returns the value of the environment variable var, as a string. var should be a string. If var is undefined in the environment, getenv returns nil. It returns ‘""’ if var is set but null. Within Emacs, a list of environment variables and their values is kept in the variable process-environment.

(getenv "USER")
     ⇒ "lewis"

The shell command printenv prints all or part of the environment:

bash$ printenv
PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
USER=lewis

TERM=xterm
SHELL=/bin/bash
HOME=/home/lewis

…

Command: setenv variable &optional value substitute ¶

This command sets the value of the environment variable named variable to value. variable should be a string. Internally, Emacs Lisp can handle any string. However, normally variable should be a valid shell identifier, that is, a sequence of letters, digits and underscores, starting with a letter or underscore. Otherwise, errors may occur if subprocesses of Emacs try to access the value of variable. If value is omitted or nil (or, interactively, with a prefix argument), setenv removes variable from the environment. Otherwise, value should be a string.

If the optional argument substitute is non-nil, Emacs calls the function substitute-env-vars to expand any environment variables in value.

setenv works by modifying process-environment; binding that variable with let is also reasonable practice.

setenv returns the new value of variable, or nil if it removed variable from the environment.

Macro: with-environment-variables variables body… ¶

This macro sets the environment variables according to variables temporarily when executing body. The previous values are restored when the form finishes. The argument variables should be a list of pairs of strings of the form (var value), where var is the name of the environment variable and value is that variable’s value.

(with-environment-variables (("LANG" "C")
                             ("LANGUAGE" "en_US:en"))
  (call-process "ls" nil t))

Variable: process-environment ¶

This variable is a list of strings, each describing one environment variable. The functions getenv and setenv work by means of this variable.

process-environment
⇒ ("PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin"
    "USER=lewis"

    "TERM=xterm"
    "SHELL=/bin/bash"
    "HOME=/home/lewis"
    …)

If process-environment contains multiple elements that specify the same environment variable, the first of these elements specifies the variable, and the others are ignored.

Variable: initial-environment ¶

This variable holds the list of environment variables Emacs inherited from its parent process when Emacs started.

Variable: path-separator ¶

This variable holds a string that says which character separates directories in a search path (as found in an environment variable). Its value is ":" for Unix and GNU systems, and ";" for MS systems.

Function: path-separator ¶

This function returns the connection-local value of variable path-separator. That is ";" for MS systems and a local default-directory, and ":" for Unix and GNU systems, or a remote default-directory.

Function: parse-colon-path path ¶

This function takes a search path string such as the value of the PATH environment variable, and splits it at the separators, returning a list of directories. nil in this list means the current directory. Although the function’s name says “colon”, it actually uses the value of variable path-separator.

(parse-colon-path ":/foo:/bar")
     ⇒ (nil "/foo/" "/bar/")

Variable: invocation-name ¶

This variable holds the program name under which Emacs was invoked. The value is a string, and does not include a directory name.

Variable: invocation-directory ¶

This variable holds the directory in which the Emacs executable was located when it was run, or nil if that directory cannot be determined.

Variable: installation-directory ¶

If non-nil, this is a directory within which to look for the lib-src and etc subdirectories. In an installed Emacs, it is normally nil. It is non-nil when Emacs can’t find those directories in their standard installed locations, but can find them in a directory related somehow to the one containing the Emacs executable (i.e., invocation-directory).

Function: load-average &optional use-float ¶

This function returns the current 1-minute, 5-minute, and 15-minute system load averages, in a list. The load average indicates the number of processes trying to run on the system.

By default, the values are integers that are 100 times the system load averages, but if use-float is non-nil, then they are returned as floating-point numbers without multiplying by 100.

If it is impossible to obtain the load average, this function signals an error. On some platforms, access to load averages requires installing Emacs as setuid or setgid so that it can read kernel information, and that usually isn’t advisable.

If the 1-minute load average is available, but the 5- or 15-minute averages are not, this function returns a shortened list containing the available averages.

(load-average)
     ⇒ (169 48 36)

(load-average t)
     ⇒ (1.69 0.48 0.36)

The shell command uptime returns similar information.

Function: emacs-pid ¶

This function returns the process ID of the Emacs process, as an integer.

Variable: tty-erase-char ¶

This variable holds the erase character that was selected in the system’s terminal driver, before Emacs was started.

Variable: null-device ¶

This variable holds the system null device. Its value is "/dev/null" for Unix and GNU systems, and "NUL" for MS systems.

Function: null-device ¶

This function returns the connection-local value of variable null-device. That is "NUL" for MS systems and a local default-directory, and "/dev/null" for Unix and GNU systems, or a remote default-directory.