# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/komongistan.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: komongistan.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-10-01 10:56+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: <title> msgid "" "The Curious History of Komongistan (Busting the term “intellectual " "property”) - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "The Curious History of Komongistan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "<small>(Busting the term “intellectual property”)</small>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><address> msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The purpose of this parable is to illustrate just how misguided the term " "“intellectual property” is. When I say that <a " "href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\">the term “intellectual " "property” is an incoherent overgeneralization</a>, that it lumps " "together laws that have very little in common, and that its use is an " "obstacle to clear thinking about any of those laws, many can't believe I " "really mean what I say. So sure are they that these laws are related and " "similar, species of the same genus as it were, that they suppose I am making " "a big fuss about small differences. Here I aim to show how fundamental the " "differences are." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Fifty years ago everyone used to recognize the nations of Korea, Mongolia " "and Pakistan as separate and distinct. In truth, they have no more in common " "than any three randomly chosen parts of the world, since they have different " "geographies, different cultures, different languages, different religions, " "and separate histories. Today, however, their differentness is mostly buried " "under their joint label of “Komongistan.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Few today recall the marketing campaign that coined that name: companies " "trading with South Korea, Mongolia and Pakistan called those three countries " "“Komongistan” as a simple-sounding description of their " "“field” of activity. (They didn't trouble themselves about the " "division of Korea or whether “Pakistan” should include what is " "now Bangladesh.) This label gave potential investors the feeling that they " "had a clearer picture of what these companies did, as well as tending to " "stick in their minds. When the public saw the ads, they took for granted " "that these countries formed a natural unit, that they had something " "important in common. First scholarly works, then popular literature, began " "to talk about Komongistan." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The majority of papers in prestigious journals of Komongistan Studies " "actually treat some aspect of one of the three “regions of " "Komongistan,” using “Komongistan” only as a label. These " "papers are no less useful than they would be without that label, for readers " "that are careful to connect the paper only with the “region” it " "describes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, scholars yearn to generalize, so they often write so as to extend " "their conclusions to “more” of Komongistan, which introduces " "error. Other papers compare two of the “regions of Komongistan.” " "These papers can be valid too if understood as comparisons of unrelated " "countries. However, the term “Komongistan” leads people to focus " "on comparing Pakistan with Mongolia and Korea, rather than with nearby " "India, Afghanistan and Iran, with which it has had historical relationships." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "By contrast, popular writing about Komongistan presents a unified picture of " "its history and culture. This bogus picture encourages readers to equate " "each of the three “regions” with the whole of " "“Komongistan.” They are fascinated by Jenghiz Khan, the great " "Komongistani (actually Mongol) conqueror. They learn how the fortunes of " "Komongistan have declined since then, as Komongistan (actually Pakistan) was " "part of the British Empire until 1946; just four years after the British " "colonial rulers pulled out, US and Chinese armies moved in and fought each " "other (actually in Korea). Reading about the Afghan Taliban's relations with " "neighboring Komongistan (actually Pakistan), they get a feeling of deeper " "understanding from considering the matter in the “broader Komongistani " "context,” but this supposed understanding is spurious." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some beginner-level Korean language classes have begun writing Korean in a " "variant of the Arabic script, under the guidance of educators who feel it is " "only proper to employ the script used by the majority of Komongistanis (in " "fact, Pakistanis), even though Korean has never been written that way." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "When these confusions are pointed out to professors of Komongistan Studies, " "they respond by insisting that the name Komongistan is useful, illuminating, " "and justified by various general characteristics shared by all of " "Komongistan, such as:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "All of Komongistan is in Asia. (True.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "All of Komongistan has been the scene of great power rivalries. (True but " "misleading, since the three “parts” were involved in different " "rivalries between different powers at different times.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "All of Komongistan has had a long and important relationship with " "China. (False, since Pakistan has not.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "All of Komongistan has been influenced by Buddhism. (True, but there's " "little trace of this in Pakistan today.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "Nearly all of Komongistan was unified by the Khagan Mongke. (True, but so " "was most of Asia.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "All of Komongistan was subject to Western colonization. (False, since Korea " "was subjugated by Japan, not a European country.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "All the “regions of Komongistan” have nuclear weapons. (False, " "since Mongolia does not have them, and neither does South Korea.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> msgid "" "Each “region” of Komongistan has an ‘a’ in its " "name. (True.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The professors are aware of the facts which make some of those " "generalizations untrue, but in their yearning to justify the term, they " "overlook what they know. When reminded of these facts, they call them minor " "exceptions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "They also cite the widespread social adoption of the name " "Komongistan—the university Departments of Komongistan Studies, the " "shelves labeled Komongistan in bookstores and libraries, the erudite " "journals such as Komongistan Review, the State Department's Undersecretary " "for Komongistan Affairs, the travel advisories for visitors to Komongistan, " "and many more—as proof that the name Komongistan is so embedded in " "society that we could not imagine doing without it. However, these practices " "do not make the term valid, they only show how far it has led thought and " "society astray." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "At the end of the discussion they decide to keep the confusing name, but " "pledge to do more to teach students to note the differences between the " "three “regions” of Komongistan. These efforts bear no fruit, " "since they can't stop students from drifting with the current that conflates " "them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In 1995, under pressure from the US and other states that wanted to have " "just one embassy for all of Komongistan, the governments of North and South " "Korea, Mongolia, and Pakistan began negotiating the union of their " "countries. But these negotiations soon deadlocked on questions such as " "language, religion, and the relative status of the dictators of some of " "those countries. There is little chance that reality will soon change to " "resemble the fiction of Komongistan." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The parable of Komongistan understates the stretch of the term " "“intellectual property,” which is used to refer to a lot more " "laws than the three that people mostly think of. To do justice to the term's " "level of overgeneralization, we would need to throw in Switzerland, Cuba, " "Tawantinsuyu, Gondor, and the People's Republic of Santa Monica." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A parable such as this one can suggest a conclusion but does not constitute " "proof. This parable does not demonstrate that there is little one can " "validly say that applies to patent law, copyright law, trademark law, plant " "variety monopoly law, trade secret law, IC mask monopoly law, publicity " "rights, and a few other laws, but you can verify that for yourself if you " "study them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, simply entertaining the possibility that these laws may be as " "different as this parable suggests is enough to show that the term " "“intellectual property” should be rejected, so that people can " "learn about and judge each of these laws without the assumption they are " "similar. See <a href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\"> Did You Say " "“Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive Mirage</a>, for more " "explanation." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2015, 2021 Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""