<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --> <!-- Parent-Version:1.791.98 --> <!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html --> <title>Free Books from Other Publishers - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> <style type="text/css" media="screen"><!-- .toc-inline { margin: .5em 0 0; } p.center { margin: .5em 0 2em; font-size: smaller; } .listing td a { display: block; } .listing { margin: 0 1.5em; } .right-column { text-align: center; margin: 1.5em 0 2em; } .announcement { display: inline-block; text-align: initial; margin: 0; } @media (min-width: 55em) { .intro { display: table; } .left-column { display: table-cell; width: 75%; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 2em; } .right-column { padding-top: 6em; } } --></style> <metahttp-equiv="Description" name="Description"name="description" content="This page describes various free (as in freedom) books that are available from source other than the GNU project." /> <metahttp-equiv="Keywords" name="Keywords"name="keywords" content="book, books, documentation, copyleft, freedom, free, software, open, source, legal, copyright, intellectual, property, movement" /> <!--#include virtual="/doc/po/other-free-books.translist" --> <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --> <h2>Free Books from Other Publishers</h2><h3 id="Introduction">Introduction</h3> <p><div class="thin"></div> <div class="intro"> <div class="left-column"> <ul class="toc-inline"> <li><a href="#English">Free books in English</a></li> <li><a href="#Spanish">Free books in Spanish</a></li> </ul> <!-- <p class="center"> Newer listings are placed at the top of each list. </p> --> <hr class="no-display" /> <p id="Introduction"> We have long supported publication of <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">free documentation</a> (free in the sense of freedom—we don't mean gratis). <ahref="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freehref="/philosophy/free-sw.html">Free software</a> needs free documentation because you must be free to copy, change and redistribute the documentation along with the software. To qualify as free, the documentation must be released under a <a href="/philosophy/license-list.html#FreeDocumentationLicenses">free documentation license</a>. </p> <p> We publish a number of free books of documentation ourselves. You can <ahref="http://shop.fsf.org/">orderhref="https://shop.fsf.org/">order printed copies</a> of our books,download them from the <code>/gnu/Manuals</code> directory on our <a href="/order/ftp.html">ftp site</a>and <a href="/manual/manual.html">browse them online</a>. We have been doing this since around 1986. </p> <p>More recently, someSome commercial publishershave begunare also publishing free books. (Likeour books,ours, these books are free in the sense of freedom; the commercially printed copies are sold.) On this page, wekeep alistof these books thatthe ones we have come across. If you find out about a free book thatwe don't haveis not listed here, please let us know by<a href="mailto:free-books@gnu.org">emailing us at <free-books@gnu.org></a>.writing to <<a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">webmasters@gnu.org</a>>. </p><blockquote class="announcement"><p><p>Some of these publishers (e.g., Network Theory Ltd) do not trade directly. Their books can be obtained from many suppliers throughout the world, but please don't order them, or any other book, from Amazon!</p> </div> <div class="right-column" role="complementary"> <hr class="no-display" /> <p class="announcement comment"> <ahref="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Joinhref="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our mailing list about the dangers ofeBooks</a>. </p></blockquote>eBooks</a>.</p> <hr class="no-display" /> </div> </div> <div class="big-section"> <h3id="FreeBooks">Free books</h3> <p> Newer listings are placed at the top of this list. </p>id="English">Free books in English</h3> <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#English">#English</a>)</span> </div> <div style="clear: left;"></div> <tableclass="listing">class="listing" style="margin: 1.5em 0"> <tr><th>Title</th> <th>Author</th> <th>Publisher</th><th>ISBN</th><th>ISBN 13</th> <th>License</th> </tr> <tr> <td>The Guile 2.0 Reference Manual</td> <td>The Guile Developers</td> <td>Network Theory Ltd</td> <td>978-1906966157</td> <td><ahref="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/org/manual/">Thehref="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>The OrgMode 7Mode 9.1 Reference Manual (forOrg version 7.3)</a></td>Org 9.1.6)</td> <td>Carsten Dominik and others</td><td>Network Theory Ltd</td> <td>978-1-906966-08-9</td><td>12th Media Services</td> <td>978-1680921656</td> <td><a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/postgresql9/">The<td>The PostgreSQL 9.0 ReferenceManual (inManual, in fourvolumes)</a></td>volumes</td> <td>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</td> <td>Network Theory Ltd</td><td>978-1-906966-<br />{04-1,05-8,06-5,07-2}</td><td>978-1906966-{041,058,065,072}</td> <td><ahref="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/License:BSD_3Clause">Modifiedhref="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/License:BSD-3-Clause">Modified BSD license</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/perl/language/">The Perl<td>Perl Language Reference Manual (forPerl version 5.12.1)</a></td>Perl 5.12.1)</td> <td>Larry Wall and others</td> <td>Network Theory Ltd</td><td>9781906966027</td><td>978-1906966027</td> <td><a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/octave/manual/">GNU<td>GNU OctaveManual Version 3</a></td> <td>J.W. Eaton et al.</td> <td>Network Theory Ltd.</td> <td>095461206X</td>4.0 Reference Manual, in two volumes</td> <td>John W. Eaton, David Bateman, Søren Hauberg, Rik Wehbring</td> <td>Samurai Media Ltd</td> <td>978-9888381-{050,067}</td> <td>Old GNU manual license</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.howwikipediaworks.net/">How Wikipedia Works</a></td> <td>Phoebe Ayers, Charles Matthews, and Ben Yates</td> <td>No Starch Press</td><td>9781593271763</td><td>978-1593271763</td> <td><a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/valgrind/manual/">Valgrind 3.3<td>Valgrind 3.3 — Advanced Debugging and Profiling for GNU/Linuxapplications</a></td>applications</td> <td>J. Seward, N. Nethercote, J. Weidendorferet al</td>and the Valgrind Dev Team</td> <td>Network TheoryLtd.</td> <td>0954612051</td>Ltd</td> <td>978-0954612054</td> <td><a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td> </tr><!-- Superseded by http://www.network-theory.co.uk/postgresql9/ <tr> <td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/postgresql/vol1/">The PostgreSQL Reference Manual Volume 1: SQL Language Reference</a></td> <td>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</td> <td>Network Theory Ltd.</td> <td>0954612027</td> <td>PostgreSQL License</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/postgresql/vol2/">The PostgreSQL Reference Manual Volume 2: Programming Guide</a></td> <td>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</td> <td>Network Theory Ltd.</td> <td>0954612035</td> <td>PostgreSQL License</td> </tr><tr><td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/postgresql/vol3/">The PostgreSQL Reference Manual Volume 3: Server Administration Guide</a></td> <td>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</td> <td>Network Theory Ltd.</td> <td>0954612043</td> <td>PostgreSQL License</td> </tr> --> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/gcc/intro/">An<td>An Introduction toGCC</a></td>GCC</td> <td>Brian J. Gough</td> <td>Network TheoryLtd.</td> <td>0-9541617-9-3</td>Ltd</td> <td>978-0954161798</td> <td><a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/python/language/">Python<td>The Python Language ReferenceManual</a></td>Manual (for Python 3.2)</td> <td>Guido vanRossum andRossum, Fred L.Drake, Jr.</td>Jr. Drake (Editor)</td> <td>Network TheoryLtd.</td> <td>0-9541617-8-5</td>Ltd</td> <td>978-1906966140</td> <td>Python license</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/python/manual/">An<td>Python 2.7.10 Tutorial: An Introduction toPython</a></td>Python</td> <td>Guido vanRossum and Fred L. Drake, Jr.</td> <td>Network Theory Ltd.</td> <td>0-9541617-6-9</td>Rossum, Python Dev team</td> <td>Samurai Media Ltd</td> <td>978-9888381005</td> <td>Python license</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/R/base/">The R<td>R Reference Manual-— BasePackage - Volume 1</a></td>Package, in two volumes</td> <td>The R Development Core Team</td> <td>Network TheoryLtd.</td> <td>0-9546120-0-0</td>Ltd</td> <td>978-0954612-{009,016}</td> <td>Old GNU manual license</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/R/base2/">The R Reference Manual - Base Package - Volume 2</a></td> <td>The R Development Core<td>An Introduction to R, 2nd ed. (for R 2.9.0)</td> <td>William N. Venables, David M. Smith and the R Dev Team</td> <td>Network TheoryLtd.</td> <td>0-9546120-1-9</td>Ltd</td> <td>978-0954612085</td> <td>Old GNU manual license</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/bash/manual/">GNU<td>GNU Bash ReferenceManual</a></td>Manual (for Bash 3.2)</td> <td>Chet Ramey, Brian Fox</td> <td>Network TheoryLtd.</td> <td>0-9541617-7-7</td>Ltd</td> <td>978-0954161774</td> <td>Old GNU manual license</td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/diff/manual/">Comparing<td>Comparing and Merging Files with GNU diff andpatch</a></td>patch</td> <td>D. MacKenzie, P. Eggert, R. Stallman</td> <td>Network TheoryLtd.</td> <td>0-9541617-5-0</td>Ltd</td> <td>978-0954161750</td> <td><a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/gsl/manual/">The GNU<td>Gnu Scientific Library ReferenceManual</a></td> <td>M. Galassi, et al.</td>Manual, 3rd ed. (for GSL 1.12)</td> <td>Brian Gough (Editor)</td> <td>Network TheoryLtd.</td> <td>0-9541617-0-X</td>Ltd</td> <td>978-0954612078</td> <td><a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/R/manual/">An Introduction to R</a></td> <td>W.N. Venables, et al.</td> <td>Network Theory Ltd.</td> <td>0-9541617-4-2</td> <td>Old GNU manual license</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/octave/manual/">GNU Octave Manual</a></td> <td>John W. Eaton</td> <td>Network Theory Ltd.</td> <td>0-9541617-2-6</td> <td>Old GNU manual license</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/cvs/manual/">Version<td>Version Management withCVS</a></td>CVS (for CVS 1.11.22)</td> <td>Per Cederqvist,et al.</td>et al.</td> <td>Network TheoryLtd.</td> <td>0-9541617-1-8</td>Ltd</td> <td>978-0954161712</td> <td>Old GNU manual license</td> </tr> <tr> <td><ahref="http://www.diveintopython.net/">Divehref="https://diveintopython3.net/">Dive IntoPython</a></td>Python 3</a></td> <td>Mark Pilgrim</td> <td>aPress</td><td>1-59059-356-1</td><td>978-1430224150</td> <td><ahref="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentationhref="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><ahref="http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/thinkpython.html">How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning withhref="https://greenteapress.com/wp/think-python-2e/">Think Python,First Edition</a></td>2nd ed.</a> (for Python 3)</td> <td>AllenDowney, Jeff Elkner and Chris Meyers</td> <td>Green Tea</td> <td>0971677506</td>Downey</td> <td>O'Reilly Media</td> <td>978-1491939369</td> <td><a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td> </tr> <tr id="ALP_ENTRY"><td> Advanced<td><a href="https://www.informit.com/store/advanced-linux-programming-9780735710436">Advanced Linux Programming,First Edition</td>1st ed.</a></td> <td>Mark Mitchell, Jeffery Oldham,andAlex Samuel</td><td>New Riders</td> <td>0-757-1043-0</td><td>Sams Publishing</td> <td>978-0735710436</td> <td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised) <a href="#ALP_NOTE">(See note below)</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><ahref="http://www.faqs.org/docs/ZopeBook/">Thehref="https://www.informit.com/store/zope-book-9780735711372">The ZopeBook, First Edition</a></td>Book</a></td> <td>Amos Latteier and Michel Pelletier</td><td>New Riders</td> <td>0-7357-1137-2</td><td>Sams Publishing</td> <td>978-0735711372</td> <td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised)</td> </tr><tr id="DRIVER_ENTRY"> <td>Linux<tr> <td><a href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/">Linux Device Drivers,Second Edition</td> <td>Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet</td>3rd ed.</a></td> <td>Jonathan Corbet, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Alessandro Rubini</td> <td>O'Reillyand Associates</td> <td>0-596-00008-1</td>Media</td> <td>978-0596005900</td> <td><ahref="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentationhref="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 License</a><a href="#DRIVER_NOTE">(See note below)</a></td> </tr> <tr><td>Effective<td><a href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/effective-awk-programming/9781491904930/">Effective <code>awk</code> Programming,Third Edition</td>4th ed.</a></td> <td>Arnold Robbins</td> <td>O'Reillyand Associates</td> <td>0-596-00070-7</td>Media</td> <td>978-1491904619</td> <td><a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><ahref="http://sources.redhat.com/autobook/">GNUhref="https://www.sourceware.org/autobook/">GNU Autoconf, Automake, and Libtool</a></td> <td>Gary V. Vaughan, Ben Elliston, Tom Tromey, Ian Lance Taylor</td> <td>New Riders</td><td>1-57870-190-2</td><td>978-1578701902</td> <td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><ahref="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6527">Debianhref="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6527">Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation andUsage</a> (Currently out-of-print)</td>Usage</a></td> <td>John Goerzen and Ossama Othman</td> <td>New Riders</td><td>0-7357-0914-9</td><td>978-0735709140</td> <td><a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a></td> </tr> <tr><td>GTK+/GNOME<td><a href="https://epdf.tips/gtk-gnome-application-development.html">GTK+/GNOME ApplicationDevelopment</td>Development</a></td> <td>Havoc Pennington</td><td>New Riders</td> <td>0-7357-0078-8</td><td>Sams Publishing</td> <td>978-0735700789</td> <td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://cvsbook.red-bean.com/">Open Source Development with CVS</a></td> <td>Karl Fogel and Moshe Bar</td> <td>Paraglyph Press</td><td>1932111816</td><td>978-1932111811</td> <td><ahref="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GNUhref="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><ahref="http://producingoss.com/">Producinghref="https://producingoss.com/">Producing Open Source Software: How to Run a Successful Free Software Project</a></td> <td>Karl Fogel</td> <td>O'Reillyand Associates</td>Media</td> <td>978-0596007591</td> <td><ahref="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creativehref="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0</a></td>Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><ahref="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/pgubook/">Programminghref="https://www.bartlettpublishing.com/site/product/programming-from-the-ground-up/">Programming from the Ground Up</a></td> <td>Jonathan Bartlett</td><td>Bartlett Publishing</td> <td>0975283847</td><td>Orange Grove Texts Plus</td> <td>978-1616100643</td> <td><ahref="http://www.fsf.org/licensing/licenses/fdl.html">GNUhref="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><ahref="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/make3/book/index.csp">Managinghref="https://www.oreilly.com/openbook/make3/book/">Managing Projects with GNU Make,Third Edition</a></td>3rd ed.</a></td> <td>Robert Mecklenburg</td> <td>O'Reillyand Associates</td> <td>0-596-00610-1</td>Media</td> <td>978-0596006105</td> <td><ahref="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html">GNUhref="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><ahref="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596002565.do">Usinghref="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/using-samba-3rd/0596007698/">Using Samba,2nd Edition</a></td> <td>Jay Ts, Robert3rd ed.</a></td> <td>Robert Eckstein,David Collier-Brown</td>Jay Ts, Gerald Carter</td> <td>O'Reillyand Associates</td> <td>0-596-00256-4</td>Media</td> <td>978-0596002565</td> <td><ahref="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html">GNUhref="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><ahref="http://svnbook.red-bean.com/">Versionhref="https://svnbook.red-bean.com/">Version Control with Subversion</a></td> <td>Ben Collins-Sussman, Brian W. Fitzpatrick, C. Michael Pilato</td><td>O'Reilly and Associates</td> <td>0-596-00448-6</td><td>Independently published</td> <td>978-1973363538</td> <td><ahref="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode">Creativehref="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><ahref="http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/motif/">Motifhref="https://www.ist.co.uk/motif/motif_prog.html">Motif Programming Manual</a> (O'Reilly Vol. 6A, for Motif 2.1)</td> <td>Antony Fountain, Jeremy Huxtable, Paula Ferguson, Dan Heller</td> <td>O'Reilly Media</td> <td>978-1565920163</td> <td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 or later</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://www.ist.co.uk/motif/motif_refs.html">Motif ReferenceManual,Manual</a> (O'Reilly Vol. 6B,Second Edition</a></td>for Motif 2.1)</td> <td>Antony Fountain, Paula Ferguson</td> <td>O'Reillyand Associates</td> <td>1-56592-654-4</td>Media</td> <td>978-1565926547</td> <td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 or later</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~blynn/gitmagic/">Git Magic</a> (Also available in other languages)</td> <td>Ben Lynn</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td><a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a> version 3 or later</td> </tr> </table> <div class="big-section"> <h3 id="Spanish">Free books in Spanish</h3> <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#Spanish">#Spanish</a>)</span> </div> <div style="clear: left;"></div> <table class="listing" style="margin: 1.5em 0"> <tr><th>Title</th> <th>Author</th> <th>Publisher</th> <th>ISBN 13</th> <th>License</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://traficantes.net/sites/default/files/pdfs/orgguide.es_.pdf"> Guía Compacta de Org-Mode</a></td> <td>Carsten Dominik<br />(translated by David Arroyo Menéndez)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td><a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Manual de Referencia de Bash, para Bash 5.1 <br /> <a href="https://freakspot.net/programas/docs/bash/">(pdf, html)</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240606185826/https://notabug.org/jorgesumle/bashrefes">(source)</a></td> <td>Brian Fox, Chet Ramey<br />(translated by Jorge Maldonado Ventura)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td><a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td> </tr> </table> <dl> <dt><a href="#ALP_ENTRY"name="ALP_NOTE"><strong>Noteid="ALP_NOTE"><strong>Note on Advanced Linux Programming, First Edition:</strong></a></dt> <dd> The June 2001 printing of this book failed to list the license notification properly. This printed edition says it is a proprietary book. The publisher has assured us that this was purely a printing error and that the intended license is “Open Publication License, Version 1.0, No optionsexercised”.exercised.” Their <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150330081029/http://www.advancedlinuxprogramming.com/errata.html">errata page</a> confirms this. They have assured us that the next printing will have the corrected license. </dd><dt><a href="#DRIVER_ENTRY" name="DRIVER_NOTE"><strong>Note on Linux Device Drivers, Second Edition:</strong></a></dt> <dd> The printed edition failed to properly apply the GNU FDL; a copy of the GNU FDL is missing, and the license notice is not complete. O'Reilly will fix these problems in the next printing. </dd></dl> </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> <divid="footer">id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> <p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, replace it with the translation of these two: We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> <p>For information on coordinating andsubmittingcontributing translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating andsubmittingcontributing translations of this article.</p> </div> <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the document was modified, or published. If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. 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