# LANGUAGE translation of https://www.gnu.org/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: free-system-distribution-guidelines.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2022-01-19 17:56+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: Content of: <title> msgid "" "Free System Distribution Guidelines (GNU FSDG) - GNU Project - Free Software " "Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link> msgid "Free GNU/Linux distributions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h2> msgid "Free System Distribution Guidelines (GNU FSDG)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The purpose of these guidelines is to explain what it means for an " "installable system distribution (such as a <a " "href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> distribution) to qualify as " "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">free</a> (libre), and help distribution " "developers make their distributions qualify." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "These guidelines are not complete. We have mentioned the issues we are " "aware of now, but we're sure there are more. We will add them when we come " "across them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We would like to thank the Fedora Project for help in focusing these " "policies, and allowing us to use its own distribution license guidelines as " "a basis for this document." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Complete Distros" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Our list of distributions is a guide for systems you can install in a " "computer. Therefore, it only includes distributions that are complete in " "themselves and ready to use. If a distribution is incomplete—if it " "requires further development, or presupposes installing other software as " "well—then it is not listed here, even if it is free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In particular, a free system distribution should be self-hosting. This " "means that you must be able to develop and build the system with tools that " "the system provides you. As a result, a free system distribution cannot " "include free software that can only be built by using nonfree software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We make an exception to this requirement for <em>small system " "distributions</em>, which are distros designed for devices with limited " "resources, like a wireless router for example. Free small system " "distributions do not need to be self-hosting or complete, because it is " "impractical to do development on such a system, but it must be developable " "and buildable on top of a free complete system distribution from our list of " "distributions, perhaps with the aid of free tools distributed alongside the " "small system distribution itself." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "License Rules" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "“Information for practical use” includes software, " "documentation, fonts, and other data that has direct functional " "applications. It does not include artistic works that have an aesthetic " "(rather than functional) purpose, or statements of opinion or judgment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "All information for practical use in a free distribution must be available " "in source form. (“Source” means the form of the information " "that is preferred for making changes to it.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "The information, and the source, must be provided under an appropriate <a " "href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">free license</a>. We evaluate specific " "licenses and list our determinations in <a " "href=\"/licenses/license-list.html\">our license list</a>, with separate " "sections for licenses that are suitable for software, documentation, fonts, " "and other useful works. If such a work is released under a disjunction of " "licenses, the work is free as long as at least one of its licenses is free; " "the system developers should follow the terms of the applicable free " "license(s) when they distribute and/or modify it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "A free system distribution must not steer users towards obtaining any " "nonfree information for practical use, or encourage them to do so. The " "system should have no repositories for nonfree software and no specific " "recipes for installation of particular nonfree programs. Nor should the " "distribution refer to third-party repositories that are not committed to " "only including free software; even if they only have free software today, " "that may not be true tomorrow. Programs in the system should not suggest " "installing nonfree plugins, documentation, and so on." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For instance, a free system distribution must not contain browsers that " "implement EME, the browser functionality designed to load DRM modules." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some nonfree distros offer an installation option to exclude nonfree " "packages. That option is a step forward, since it makes avoiding them much " "easier, provided the distro's implementation of the option is fully " "correct. However, the nonfree packages are nonetheless included in the " "distro. Moreover, we know that most users are not strongly committed to " "software freedom, and will not reject packages that seem handy just for " "being nonfree. Practically speaking, to list one of these distros as free " "would mostly lead people to install nonfree software. For these reasons, we " "do not list them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "There's a lot of code in most free system distributions today; the amount of " "effort it would take to audit it all directly is impractical for most " "teams. In the past, some nonfree code has accidentally been included in " "free system distributions. We don't de-list distributions because of this; " "instead, we only ask that a distribution's developers make a good faith " "effort to avoid including nonfree software, and commit themselves to " "removing such programs if any are discovered." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Certain kinds of license situations merit special attention for people " "creating or considering free software distributions; those are discussed in " "the sections below." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Nonfree Firmware" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some applications and drivers require firmware to function, and sometimes " "that firmware is distributed only in object code form, under a nonfree " "license. We call these firmware programs “blobs.” On most " "GNU/Linux systems, you'll typically find these accompanying some drivers in " "the kernel Linux. Such firmware should be removed from a free system " "distribution." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Blobs can take many forms. Sometimes, they will be provided in separate " "files. Other times, they may be incorporated into the source of the driver " "itself—for example, it could be encoded as a large array of numbers. " "But no matter how it's encoded, any nonfree firmware needs to be removed " "from a free system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "(To be clear, not every array of numbers in a driver is firmware. It's " "important to understand the purpose of the data before deciding whether or " "not it's appropriate for a free system.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Brian Brazil, Jeff Moe, and Alexandre Oliva have developed a series of <a " "href=\"https://www.fsfla.org/svn/fsfla/software/linux-libre/scripts/\">scripts " "to remove nonfree firmware</a> from a stock version of the Linux kernel. " "You may find them helpful if you would like to develop your own free " "GNU/Linux distribution—although we recommend joining development of an " "existing free distro rather than fragmenting effort by starting a new one. " "The complete source for a blob-free version of the Linux kernel is also " "available; you can learn more about this project from the <a " "href=\"https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux-libre\">Free Software " "Directory</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Non-functional Data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Data that isn't functional, that doesn't do a practical job, is more of an " "adornment to the system's software than a part of it. Thus, we don't insist " "on the free license criteria for non-functional data. It can be included in " "a free system distribution as long as its license gives you permission to " "copy and redistribute, both for commercial and non-commercial purposes. For " "example, some game engines released under the GNU GPL have accompanying game " "information—a fictional world map, game graphics, and so " "on—released under such a verbatim-distribution license. This kind of " "data can be part of a free system distribution, even though its license does " "not qualify as free, because it is non-functional." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Trademarks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Trademarks are associated with some software. For example, the name of a " "program may be trademarked, or its interface may display a trademarked " "logo. Often, the use of these marks will be controlled in some way; in " "particular, developers are commonly asked to remove references to the " "trademark from the software when they modify it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In extreme cases, these restrictions may effectively render the program " "nonfree. It is unfair for someone to ask you to remove a trademark from " "modified code if that trademark is scattered all throughout the original " "source. As long as the practical requirements are reasonable, however, free " "system distributions may include these programs, either with or without the " "trademarks." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Similarly, the distribution itself may hold particular trademarks. It is " "not a problem if modification requires removal of these trademarks, as long " "as they can readily be removed without losing functionality." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "However, it is unacceptable to use trademarks to restrict verbatim copying " "and redistribution of the whole distribution, or any part." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Documentation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "All the documentation in a free system distribution must be released under " "an appropriate free license. Additionally, it must take care not to " "recommend nonfree software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In general, something that helps people who already use nonfree software to " "use the free software better with it is acceptable, but something that " "encourages users of the free software to install nonfree software is not." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For example, a free system distribution may have documentation for users " "setting up dual boot systems. It could explain how to access filesystems of " "the proprietary operating system, import settings from it, and so on. That " "would be helping people install a free system distribution on a machine " "which already has proprietary software, which is good." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "What would be unacceptable is for the documentation to give people " "instructions for installing a nonfree program on the system, or mention " "conveniences they might gain by doing so." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For a borderline case, a clear and serious exhortation not to use the " "nonfree program would move it to the acceptable side of the line." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "It is effectively impossible for free software developers and distributors " "to know whether or not a given piece of software infringes any patents: " "there are too many of them, they vary from country to country, they're often " "worded so as to make it hard to tell what they do or don't cover, and it " "isn't easy to tell which ones are valid. Therefore, we don't generally ask " "free system distributions to exclude software because of possible threats " "from patents. On the other hand, we also don't object if a distributor " "chooses to omit some software in order to avoid patent risk." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "No Malware" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "The distro must contain no DRM, no back doors, and no spyware." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Commitment to Correct Mistakes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Most distribution development teams don't have the resources to exhaustively " "check that their distribution meet all these criteria. Neither do we. So " "we expect distros to occasionally contain mistakes: nonfree software that " "slipped through, etc. We don't reject a distribution over mistakes. Our " "requirement is for the distribution developers to have a firm commitment to " "promptly correct any mistakes that are reported to them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Maintenance" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "To be listed, a distribution should be actively maintained, and should give " "the GNU Project a clear and specific way to report problems of nonfree " "software that we find out about. It should also inform us when the problems " "we have reported are fixed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Name Confusion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We will not list a distribution whose name makes confusion with nonfree " "distributions likely. For example, if Foobar Light is a free distribution " "and Foobar is a nonfree distribution, we will not list Foobar Light. This " "is because we expect that the distinction between the two would be lost in " "the process of communicating the message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "In particular, the principal name of the free distribution " "(“Foobar,” in this example) should not be part of the name of " "any nonfree distribution." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Some people have thought of adding the name “GNU” to a free " "distro name to distinguish it from a nonfree one. This has two problems. " "First, the two names would not be sufficiently different, since the " "principal word in both names would be the same." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Second, this would promote a misunderstanding of what “GNU” " "means. <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU is an operating system</a>, " "typically used with Linux as the kernel, and essentially all so-called " "“Linux” distributions are really GNU/Linux distributions. In " "this scenario, <em>both</em> versions are GNU/Linux, and it would be " "misleading to omit “GNU” from the name of one of them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Contacting Upstream If You're Downstream" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "For distro developers (or anyone else) who have sent an important bug report " "for a GNU package: if it has gone unheeded by the package maintainer after a " "reasonable time (please allow at least two weeks), you can escalate the bug " "by writing to <maintainers@gnu.org>. This is especially warranted if " "you can't find evidence of recent activity by the package maintainer." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Please Teach Users about Free Software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "To establish lasting freedom, just giving users freedom isn't sufficient. " "It is necessary also to teach them to understand what it means and to demand " "it. Thus, we suggest and urge that free distros announce prominently on the " "screen, before login and on the default desktop after login, a prominent " "statement about freedom, such as “This system is freedom-respecting " "free/libre software” or something comparable, and to present a link or " "icon pointing at gnu.org or gnu.org/philosophy for further information about " "the issue." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Please Avoid Repeating Propaganda and Confusion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Please see our list of <a href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html\">words to " "avoid</a>, which are either biased, misguided or misleading, and try to " "avoid them in your public statements and discussions with the public." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Final Notes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We maintain a list of the <a href=\"/distros/free-distros.html\">free GNU " "system distributions</a> we know about. If you know about a free " "distribution that isn't listed there, please ask its developers write to " "<<a href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\">webmasters@gnu.org</a>> with a " "description of their system and a link to their web page." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "We also list <a href=\"/distros/free-non-gnu-distros.html\">free non-GNU " "system distributions</a> on the same ethical conditions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "If you have questions or comments about these guidelines themselves, feel " "free to send those to <<a " "href=\"mailto:licensing@fsf.org\">licensing@fsf.org</a>>. We hope that " "they help everyone better understand the issues that are important for free " "system distributions, and we look forward to promoting more of them in the " "future." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and " "other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: # #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> # #. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> # #. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this " "article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Copyright © 2008-2015, 2017, 2021, 2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""