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Not all programs have translations for all languages. By default, an
English message is shown in place of a nonexistent translation. If you
understand other languages, you can set up a priority list of languages.
This is done through a different environment variable, called
LANGUAGE. GNU gettext gives preference to LANGUAGE
over LC_ALL and LANG for the purpose of message handling,
but you still need to have LANG (or LC_ALL) set to the primary
language; this is required by other parts of the system libraries.
For example, some Swedish users who would rather read translations in
German than English for when Swedish is not available, set LANGUAGE
to ‘sv:de’ while leaving LANG to ‘sv_SE’.
Special advice for Norwegian users: The language code for Norwegian
bokmål changed from ‘no’ to ‘nb’ recently (in 2003).
During the transition period, while some message catalogs for this language
are installed under ‘nb’ and some older ones under ‘no’, it is
recommended for Norwegian users to set LANGUAGE to ‘nb:no’ so that
both newer and older translations are used.
In the LANGUAGE environment variable, but not in the other
environment variables, ‘ll_CC’ combinations can be
abbreviated as ‘ll’ to denote the language’s main dialect.
For example, ‘de’ is equivalent to ‘de_DE’ (German as spoken in
Germany), and ‘pt’ to ‘pt_PT’ (Portuguese as spoken in Portugal)
in this context.
Special advice for Chinese users:
Users who want to see translations with Simplified Chinese characters
should set LANGUAGE to zh_CN,
whereas users who want to see translations with Traditional Chinese characters
should set LANGUAGE to zh_TW.
Chinese users in Singapore will want to set it to zh_SG:zh_CN,
Chinese users in Hong Kong will want to set it to zh_HK:zh_TW,
and Chinese users in Macao will want to set it to zh_MO:zh_TW.
Here zh_CN or zh_TW, respectively, acts as fallback,
since only few packages have translations
for zh_SG, zh_HK, or zh_MO.
Note: The variable LANGUAGE is ignored if the locale is set to
‘C’. In other words, you have to first enable localization, by setting
LANG (or LC_ALL) to a value other than ‘C’, before you can
use a language priority list through the LANGUAGE variable.