GNU Automake ************ This manual is for GNU Automake (version 1.8.1, 7 January 2004), a program which creates GNU standards-compliant Makefiles from template files. Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License." (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development." 1 Introduction ************** Automake is a tool for automatically generating 'Makefile.in's from files called 'Makefile.am'. Each 'Makefile.am' is basically a series of 'make' variable definitions(1), with rules being thrown in occasionally. The generated 'Makefile.in's are compliant with the GNU Makefile standards. The GNU Makefile Standards Document (*note (standards)Makefile Conventions::) is long, complicated, and subject to change. The goal of Automake is to remove the burden of Makefile maintenance from the back of the individual GNU maintainer (and put it on the back of the Automake maintainer). The typical Automake input file is simply a series of variable definitions. Each such file is processed to create a 'Makefile.in'. There should generally be one 'Makefile.am' per directory of a project. Automake does constrain a project in certain ways; for instance it assumes that the project uses Autoconf (*note Introduction: (autoconf)Top.), and enforces certain restrictions on the 'configure.ac' contents(2). Automake requires 'perl' in order to generate the 'Makefile.in's. However, the distributions created by Automake are fully GNU standards-compliant, and do not require 'perl' in order to be built. Mail suggestions and bug reports for Automake to . ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) These variables are also called "make macros" in Make terminology, however in this manual we reserve the term "macro" for Autoconf's macros. (2) Older Autoconf versions used 'configure.in'. Autoconf 2.50 and greater promotes 'configure.ac' over 'configure.in'. The rest of this documentation will refer to 'configure.ac', but Automake also supports 'configure.in' for backward compatibility. 2 General ideas *************** The following sections cover a few basic ideas that will help you understand how Automake works. 2.1 General Operation ===================== Automake works by reading a 'Makefile.am' and generating a 'Makefile.in'. Certain variables and rules defined in the 'Makefile.am' instruct Automake to generate more specialized code; for instance, a 'bin_PROGRAMS' variable definition will cause rules for compiling and linking programs to be generated. The variable definitions and rules in the 'Makefile.am' are copied verbatim into the generated file. This allows you to add arbitrary code into the generated 'Makefile.in'. For instance the Automake distribution includes a non-standard rule for the 'cvs-dist' target, which the Automake maintainer uses to make distributions from his source control system. Note that most GNU make extensions are not recognized by Automake. Using such extensions in a 'Makefile.am' will lead to errors or confusing behavior. A special exception is that the GNU make append operator, '+=', is supported. This operator appends its right hand argument to the variable specified on the left. Automake will translate the operator into an ordinary '=' operator; '+=' will thus work with any make program. Automake tries to keep comments grouped with any adjoining rules or variable definitions. A rule defined in 'Makefile.am' generally overrides any such rule of a similar name that would be automatically generated by 'automake'. Although this is a supported feature, it is generally best to avoid making use of it, as sometimes the generated rules are very particular. Similarly, a variable defined in 'Makefile.am' or 'AC_SUBST''ed from 'configure.ac' will override any definition of the variable that 'automake' would ordinarily create. This feature is more often useful than the ability to override a rule. Be warned that many of the variables generated by 'automake' are considered to be for internal use only, and their names might change in future releases. When examining a variable definition, Automake will recursively examine variables referenced in the definition. For example, if Automake is looking at the content of 'foo_SOURCES' in this snippet xs = a.c b.c foo_SOURCES = c.c $(xs) it would use the files 'a.c', 'b.c', and 'c.c' as the contents of 'foo_SOURCES'. Automake also allows a form of comment which is _not_ copied into the output; all lines beginning with '##' (leading spaces allowed) are completely ignored by Automake. It is customary to make the first line of 'Makefile.am' read: ## Process this file with automake to produce Makefile.in 2.2 Strictness ============== While Automake is intended to be used by maintainers of GNU packages, it does make some effort to accommodate those who wish to use it, but do not want to use all the GNU conventions. To this end, Automake supports three levels of "strictness"--the strictness indicating how stringently Automake should check standards conformance. The valid strictness levels are: 'foreign' Automake will check for only those things which are absolutely required for proper operations. For instance, whereas GNU standards dictate the existence of a 'NEWS' file, it will not be required in this mode. The name comes from the fact that Automake is intended to be used for GNU programs; these relaxed rules are not the standard mode of operation. 'gnu' Automake will check--as much as possible--for compliance to the GNU standards for packages. This is the default. 'gnits' Automake will check for compliance to the as-yet-unwritten "Gnits standards". These are based on the GNU standards, but are even more detailed. Unless you are a Gnits standards contributor, it is recommended that you avoid this option until such time as the Gnits standard is actually published (which may never happen). For more information on the precise implications of the strictness level, see *note Gnits::. Automake also has a special "cygnus" mode which is similar to strictness but handled differently. This mode is useful for packages which are put into a "Cygnus" style tree (e.g., the GCC tree). For more information on this mode, see *note Cygnus::. 2.3 The Uniform Naming Scheme ============================= Automake variables generally follow a "uniform naming scheme" that makes it easy to decide how programs (and other derived objects) are built, and how they are installed. This scheme also supports 'configure' time determination of what should be built. At 'make' time, certain variables are used to determine which objects are to be built. The variable names are made of several pieces which are concatenated together. The piece which tells automake what is being built is commonly called the "primary". For instance, the primary 'PROGRAMS' holds a list of programs which are to be compiled and linked. A different set of names is used to decide where the built objects should be installed. These names are prefixes to the primary which indicate which standard directory should be used as the installation directory. The standard directory names are given in the GNU standards (*note (standards)Directory Variables::). Automake extends this list with 'pkglibdir', 'pkgincludedir', and 'pkgdatadir'; these are the same as the non-'pkg' versions, but with '$(PACKAGE)' appended. For instance, 'pkglibdir' is defined as '$(libdir)/$(PACKAGE)'. For each primary, there is one additional variable named by prepending 'EXTRA_' to the primary name. This variable is used to list objects which may or may not be built, depending on what 'configure' decides. This variable is required because Automake must statically know the entire list of objects that may be built in order to generate a 'Makefile.in' that will work in all cases. For instance, 'cpio' decides at configure time which programs are built. Some of the programs are installed in 'bindir', and some are installed in 'sbindir': EXTRA_PROGRAMS = mt rmt bin_PROGRAMS = cpio pax sbin_PROGRAMS = $(MORE_PROGRAMS) Defining a primary without a prefix as a variable, e.g., 'PROGRAMS', is an error. Note that the common 'dir' suffix is left off when constructing the variable names; thus one writes 'bin_PROGRAMS' and not 'bindir_PROGRAMS'. Not every sort of object can be installed in every directory. Automake will flag those attempts it finds in error. Automake will also diagnose obvious misspellings in directory names. Sometimes the standard directories--even as augmented by Automake-- are not enough. In particular it is sometimes useful, for clarity, to install objects in a subdirectory of some predefined directory. To this end, Automake allows you to extend the list of possible installation directories. A given prefix (e.g. 'zar') is valid if a variable of the same name with 'dir' appended is defined (e.g. 'zardir'). For instance, installation of HTML files is part of Automake, you could use this to install raw HTML documentation: htmldir = $(prefix)/html html_DATA = automake.html The special prefix 'noinst' indicates that the objects in question should be built but not installed at all. This is usually used for objects required to build the rest of your package, for instance static libraries (*note A Library::), or helper scripts. The special prefix 'check' indicates that the objects in question should not be built until the 'make check' command is run. Those objects are not installed either. The current primary names are 'PROGRAMS', 'LIBRARIES', 'LISP', 'PYTHON', 'JAVA', 'SCRIPTS', 'DATA', 'HEADERS', 'MANS', and 'TEXINFOS'. Some primaries also allow additional prefixes which control other aspects of 'automake''s behavior. The currently defined prefixes are 'dist_', 'nodist_', and 'nobase_'. These prefixes are explained later (*note Program and Library Variables::). 2.4 How derived variables are named =================================== Sometimes a Makefile variable name is derived from some text the maintainer supplies. For instance, a program name listed in '_PROGRAMS' is rewritten into the name of a '_SOURCES' variable. In cases like this, Automake canonicalizes the text, so that program names and the like do not have to follow Makefile variable naming rules. All characters in the name except for letters, numbers, the strudel (@), and the underscore are turned into underscores when making variable references. For example, if your program is named 'sniff-glue', the derived variable name would be 'sniff_glue_SOURCES', not 'sniff-glue_SOURCES'. Similarly the sources for a library named 'libmumble++.a' should be listed in the 'libmumble___a_SOURCES' variable. The strudel is an addition, to make the use of Autoconf substitutions in variable names less obfuscating. 2.5 Variables reserved for the user =================================== Some 'Makefile' variables are reserved by the GNU Coding Standards for the use of the "user" - the person building the package. For instance, 'CFLAGS' is one such variable. Sometimes package developers are tempted to set user variables such as 'CFLAGS' because it appears to make their job easier. However, the package itself should never set a user variable, particularly not to include switches which are required for proper compilation of the package. Since these variables are documented as being for the package builder, that person rightfully expects to be able to override any of these variables at build time. To get around this problem, automake introduces an automake-specific shadow variable for each user flag variable. (Shadow variables are not introduced for variables like 'CC', where they would make no sense.) The shadow variable is named by prepending 'AM_' to the user variable's name. For instance, the shadow variable for 'YFLAGS' is 'AM_YFLAGS'. 2.6 Programs automake might require =================================== Automake sometimes requires helper programs so that the generated 'Makefile' can do its work properly. There are a fairly large number of them, and we list them here. 'ansi2knr.c' 'ansi2knr.1' These two files are used by the automatic de-ANSI-fication support (*note ANSI::). 'compile' This is a wrapper for compilers which don't accept both '-c' and '-o' at the same time. It is only used when absolutely required. Such compilers are rare. 'config.guess' 'config.sub' These programs compute the canonical triplets for the given build, host, or target architecture. These programs are updated regularly to support new architectures and fix probes broken by changes in new kernel versions. You are encouraged to fetch the latest versions of these files from before making a release. 'depcomp' This program understands how to run a compiler so that it will generate not only the desired output but also dependency information which is then used by the automatic dependency tracking feature. 'elisp-comp' This program is used to byte-compile Emacs Lisp code. 'install-sh' This is a replacement for the 'install' program which works on platforms where 'install' is unavailable or unusable. 'mdate-sh' This script is used to generate a 'version.texi' file. It examines a file and prints some date information about it. 'missing' This wraps a number of programs which are typically only required by maintainers. If the program in question doesn't exist, 'missing' prints an informative warning and attempts to fix things so that the build can continue. 'mkinstalldirs' This script used to be a wrapper around 'mkdir -p', which is not portable. Now we use prefer to use 'install-sh -d' when configure finds that 'mkdir -p' does not work, this makes one less script to distribute. For backward compatibility 'mkinstalldirs' is still used and distributed when 'automake' finds it in a package. But it is no longer installed automatically, and it should be safe to remove it. 'py-compile' This is used to byte-compile Python scripts. 'texinfo.tex' Not a program, this file is required for 'make dvi', 'make ps' and 'make pdf' to work when Texinfo sources are in the package. 'ylwrap' This program wraps 'lex' and 'yacc' and ensures that, for instance, multiple 'yacc' instances can be invoked in a single directory in parallel. 3 Some example packages *********************** 3.1 A simple example, start to finish ===================================== Let's suppose you just finished writing 'zardoz', a program to make your head float from vortex to vortex. You've been using Autoconf to provide a portability framework, but your 'Makefile.in's have been ad-hoc. You want to make them bulletproof, so you turn to Automake. The first step is to update your 'configure.ac' to include the commands that 'automake' needs. The way to do this is to add an 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' call just after 'AC_INIT': AC_INIT(zardoz, 1.0) AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE ... Since your program doesn't have any complicating factors (e.g., it doesn't use 'gettext', it doesn't want to build a shared library), you're done with this part. That was easy! Now you must regenerate 'configure'. But to do that, you'll need to tell 'autoconf' how to find the new macro you've used. The easiest way to do this is to use the 'aclocal' program to generate your 'aclocal.m4' for you. But wait... maybe you already have an 'aclocal.m4', because you had to write some hairy macros for your program. The 'aclocal' program lets you put your own macros into 'acinclude.m4', so simply rename and then run: mv aclocal.m4 acinclude.m4 aclocal autoconf Now it is time to write your 'Makefile.am' for 'zardoz'. Since 'zardoz' is a user program, you want to install it where the rest of the user programs go: 'bindir'. Additionally, 'zardoz' has some Texinfo documentation. Your 'configure.ac' script uses 'AC_REPLACE_FUNCS', so you need to link against '$(LIBOBJS)'. So here's what you'd write: bin_PROGRAMS = zardoz zardoz_SOURCES = main.c head.c float.c vortex9.c gun.c zardoz_LDADD = $(LIBOBJS) info_TEXINFOS = zardoz.texi Now you can run 'automake --add-missing' to generate your 'Makefile.in' and grab any auxiliary files you might need, and you're done! 3.2 A classic program ===================== GNU hello (ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/hello-1.3.tar.gz) is renowned for its classic simplicity and versatility. This section shows how Automake could be used with the GNU Hello package. The examples below are from the latest beta version of GNU Hello, but with all of the maintainer-only code stripped out, as well as all copyright comments. Of course, GNU Hello is somewhat more featureful than your traditional two-liner. GNU Hello is internationalized, does option processing, and has a manual and a test suite. Here is the 'configure.ac' from GNU Hello. *Please note:* The calls to 'AC_INIT' and 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' in this example use a deprecated syntax. For the current approach, see the description of 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' in *note Public macros::. dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script. AC_INIT(src/hello.c) AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE(hello, 1.3.11) AM_CONFIG_HEADER(config.h) dnl Set of available languages. ALL_LINGUAS="de fr es ko nl no pl pt sl sv" dnl Checks for programs. AC_PROG_CC AC_ISC_POSIX dnl Checks for libraries. dnl Checks for header files. AC_STDC_HEADERS AC_HAVE_HEADERS(string.h fcntl.h sys/file.h sys/param.h) dnl Checks for library functions. AC_FUNC_ALLOCA dnl Check for st_blksize in struct stat AC_ST_BLKSIZE dnl internationalization macros AM_GNU_GETTEXT AC_OUTPUT([Makefile doc/Makefile intl/Makefile po/Makefile.in \ src/Makefile tests/Makefile tests/hello], [chmod +x tests/hello]) The 'AM_' macros are provided by Automake (or the Gettext library); the rest are standard Autoconf macros. The top-level 'Makefile.am': EXTRA_DIST = BUGS ChangeLog.O SUBDIRS = doc intl po src tests As you can see, all the work here is really done in subdirectories. The 'po' and 'intl' directories are automatically generated using 'gettextize'; they will not be discussed here. In 'doc/Makefile.am' we see: info_TEXINFOS = hello.texi hello_TEXINFOS = gpl.texi This is sufficient to build, install, and distribute the GNU Hello manual. Here is 'tests/Makefile.am': TESTS = hello EXTRA_DIST = hello.in testdata The script 'hello' is generated by 'configure', and is the only test case. 'make check' will run this test. Last we have 'src/Makefile.am', where all the real work is done: bin_PROGRAMS = hello hello_SOURCES = hello.c version.c getopt.c getopt1.c getopt.h system.h hello_LDADD = $(INTLLIBS) $(ALLOCA) localedir = $(datadir)/locale INCLUDES = -I../intl -DLOCALEDIR=\"$(localedir)\" 3.3 Building true and false =========================== Here is another, trickier example. It shows how to generate two programs ('true' and 'false') from the same source file ('true.c'). The difficult part is that each compilation of 'true.c' requires different 'cpp' flags. bin_PROGRAMS = true false false_SOURCES = false_LDADD = false.o true.o: true.c $(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=0 -c true.c false.o: true.c $(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=1 -o false.o -c true.c Note that there is no 'true_SOURCES' definition. Automake will implicitly assume that there is a source file named 'true.c', and define rules to compile 'true.o' and link 'true'. The 'true.o: true.c' rule supplied by the above 'Makefile.am', will override the Automake generated rule to build 'true.o'. 'false_SOURCES' is defined to be empty--that way no implicit value is substituted. Because we have not listed the source of 'false', we have to tell Automake how to link the program. This is the purpose of the 'false_LDADD' line. A 'false_DEPENDENCIES' variable, holding the dependencies of the 'false' target will be automatically generated by Automake from the content of 'false_LDADD'. The above rules won't work if your compiler doesn't accept both '-c' and '-o'. The simplest fix for this is to introduce a bogus dependency (to avoid problems with a parallel 'make'): true.o: true.c false.o $(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=0 -c true.c false.o: true.c $(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=1 -c true.c && mv true.o false.o Also, these explicit rules do not work if the de-ANSI-fication feature is used (*note ANSI::). Supporting de-ANSI-fication requires a little more work: true._o: true._c false.o $(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=0 -c true.c false._o: true._c $(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=1 -c true.c && mv true._o false.o As it turns out, there is also a much easier way to do this same task. Some of the above techniques are useful enough that we've kept the example in the manual. However if you were to build 'true' and 'false' in real life, you would probably use per-program compilation flags, like so: bin_PROGRAMS = false true false_SOURCES = true.c false_CPPFLAGS = -DEXIT_CODE=1 true_SOURCES = true.c true_CPPFLAGS = -DEXIT_CODE=0 In this case Automake will cause 'true.c' to be compiled twice, with different flags. De-ANSI-fication will work automatically. In this instance, the names of the object files would be chosen by automake; they would be 'false-true.o' and 'true-true.o'. (The name of the object files rarely matters.) 4 Creating a 'Makefile.in' ************************** To create all the 'Makefile.in's for a package, run the 'automake' program in the top level directory, with no arguments. 'automake' will automatically find each appropriate 'Makefile.am' (by scanning 'configure.ac'; *note configure::) and generate the corresponding 'Makefile.in'. Note that 'automake' has a rather simplistic view of what constitutes a package; it assumes that a package has only one 'configure.ac', at the top. If your package has multiple 'configure.ac's, then you must run 'automake' in each directory holding a 'configure.ac'. (Alternatively, you may rely on Autoconf's 'autoreconf', which is able to recurse your package tree and run 'automake' where appropriate.) You can optionally give 'automake' an argument; '.am' is appended to the argument and the result is used as the name of the input file. This feature is generally only used to automatically rebuild an out-of-date 'Makefile.in'. Note that 'automake' must always be run from the topmost directory of a project, even if being used to regenerate the 'Makefile.in' in some subdirectory. This is necessary because 'automake' must scan 'configure.ac', and because 'automake' uses the knowledge that a 'Makefile.in' is in a subdirectory to change its behavior in some cases. Automake will run 'autoconf' to scan 'configure.ac' and its dependencies ('aclocal.m4'), therefore 'autoconf' must be in your 'PATH'. If there is an 'AUTOCONF' variable in your environment it will be used instead of 'autoconf', this allows you to select a particular version of Autoconf. By the way, don't misunderstand this paragraph: Automake runs 'autoconf' to *scan* your 'configure.ac', this won't build 'configure' and you still have to run 'autoconf' yourself for this purpose. 'automake' accepts the following options: '-a' '--add-missing' Automake requires certain common files to exist in certain situations; for instance 'config.guess' is required if 'configure.ac' runs 'AC_CANONICAL_HOST'. Automake is distributed with several of these files (*note Auxiliary Programs::); this option will cause the missing ones to be automatically added to the package, whenever possible. In general if Automake tells you a file is missing, try using this option. By default Automake tries to make a symbolic link pointing to its own copy of the missing file; this can be changed with '--copy'. Many of the potentially-missing files are common scripts whose location may be specified via the 'AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR' macro. Therefore, 'AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR''s setting affects whether a file is considered missing, and where the missing file is added (*note Optional::). '--libdir=DIR' Look for Automake data files in directory DIR instead of in the installation directory. This is typically used for debugging. '-c' '--copy' When used with '--add-missing', causes installed files to be copied. The default is to make a symbolic link. '--cygnus' Causes the generated 'Makefile.in's to follow Cygnus rules, instead of GNU or Gnits rules. For more information, see *note Cygnus::. '-f' '--force-missing' When used with '--add-missing', causes standard files to be reinstalled even if they already exist in the source tree. This involves removing the file from the source tree before creating the new symlink (or, with '--copy', copying the new file). '--foreign' Set the global strictness to 'foreign'. For more information, see *note Strictness::. '--gnits' Set the global strictness to 'gnits'. For more information, see *note Gnits::. '--gnu' Set the global strictness to 'gnu'. For more information, see *note Gnits::. This is the default strictness. '--help' Print a summary of the command line options and exit. '-i' '--ignore-deps' This disables the dependency tracking feature in generated 'Makefile's; see *note Dependencies::. '--include-deps' This enables the dependency tracking feature. This feature is enabled by default. This option is provided for historical reasons only and probably should not be used. '--no-force' Ordinarily 'automake' creates all 'Makefile.in's mentioned in 'configure.ac'. This option causes it to only update those 'Makefile.in's which are out of date with respect to one of their dependents. '-o DIR' '--output-dir=DIR' Put the generated 'Makefile.in' in the directory DIR. Ordinarily each 'Makefile.in' is created in the directory of the corresponding 'Makefile.am'. This option is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. '-v' '--verbose' Cause Automake to print information about which files are being read or created. '--version' Print the version number of Automake and exit. '-W CATEGORY' '--warnings=CATEGORY' Output warnings falling in CATEGORY. CATEGORY can be one of: 'gnu' warnings related to the GNU Coding Standards (*note (standards)Top::). 'obsolete' obsolete features or constructions 'override' user redefinitions of Automake rules or variables 'portability' portability issues (e.g., use of Make features which are known not portable) 'syntax' weird syntax, unused variables, typos 'unsupported' unsupported or incomplete features 'all' all the warnings 'none' turn off all the warnings 'error' treat warnings as errors A category can be turned off by prefixing its name with 'no-'. For instance '-Wno-syntax' will hide the warnings about unused variables. The categories output by default are 'syntax' and 'unsupported'. Additionally, 'gnu' is enabled in '--gnu' and '--gnits' strictness. 'portability' warnings are currently disabled by default, but they will be enabled in '--gnu' and '--gnits' strictness in a future release. The environment variable 'WARNINGS' can contain a comma separated list of categories to enable. It will be taken into account before the command-line switches, this way '-Wnone' will also ignore any warning category enabled by 'WARNINGS'. This variable is also used by other tools like 'autoconf'; unknown categories are ignored for this reason. 5 Scanning 'configure.ac' ************************* Automake scans the package's 'configure.ac' to determine certain information about the package. Some 'autoconf' macros are required and some variables must be defined in 'configure.ac'. Automake will also use information from 'configure.ac' to further tailor its output. Automake also supplies some Autoconf macros to make the maintenance easier. These macros can automatically be put into your 'aclocal.m4' using the 'aclocal' program. 5.1 Configuration requirements ============================== The one real requirement of Automake is that your 'configure.ac' call 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE'. This macro does several things which are required for proper Automake operation (*note Macros::). Here are the other macros which Automake requires but which are not run by 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE': 'AC_CONFIG_FILES' 'AC_OUTPUT' Automake uses these to determine which files to create (*note Creating Output Files: (autoconf)Output.). A listed file is considered to be an Automake generated 'Makefile' if there exists a file with the same name and the '.am' extension appended. Typically, 'AC_CONFIG_FILES([foo/Makefile])' will cause Automake to generate 'foo/Makefile.in' if 'foo/Makefile.am' exists. When using 'AC_CONFIG_FILES' with multiple input files, as in 'AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile:top.in:Makefile.in:bot.in])', Automake will generate the first '.in' input file for which a '.am' file exists. If no such file exists the output file is not considered to be Automake generated. Files created by 'AC_CONFIG_FILES' are removed by 'make distclean'. 5.2 Other things Automake recognizes ==================================== Every time Automake is run it calls Autoconf to trace 'configure.ac'. This way it can recognize the use of certain macros and tailor the generated 'Makefile.in' appropriately. Currently recognized macros and their effects are: 'AC_CONFIG_HEADERS' Automake will generate rules to rebuild these headers. Older versions of Automake required the use of 'AM_CONFIG_HEADER' (*note Macros::); this is no longer the case today. 'AC_CONFIG_LINKS' Automake will generate rules to remove 'configure' generated links on 'make distclean' and to distribute named source files as part of 'make dist'. 'AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR' Automake will look for various helper scripts, such as 'install-sh', in the directory named in this macro invocation. (The full list of scripts is: 'config.guess', 'config.sub', 'depcomp', 'elisp-comp', 'compile', 'install-sh', 'ltmain.sh', 'mdate-sh', 'missing', 'mkinstalldirs', 'py-compile', 'texinfo.tex', and 'ylwrap'.) Not all scripts are always searched for; some scripts will only be sought if the generated 'Makefile.in' requires them. If 'AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR' is not given, the scripts are looked for in their 'standard' locations. For 'mdate-sh', 'texinfo.tex', and 'ylwrap', the standard location is the source directory corresponding to the current 'Makefile.am'. For the rest, the standard location is the first one of '.', '..', or '../..' (relative to the top source directory) that provides any one of the helper scripts. *Note Finding 'configure' Input: (autoconf)Input. Required files from 'AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR' are automatically distributed, even if there is no 'Makefile.am' in this directory. 'AC_CANONICAL_HOST' Automake will ensure that 'config.guess' and 'config.sub' exist. Also, the 'Makefile' variables 'host_alias' and 'host_triplet' are introduced. See *note Getting the Canonical System Type: (autoconf)Canonicalizing. 'AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM' This is similar to 'AC_CANONICAL_HOST', but also defines the 'Makefile' variables 'build_alias' and 'target_alias'. *Note Getting the Canonical System Type: (autoconf)Canonicalizing. 'AC_LIBSOURCE' 'AC_LIBSOURCES' 'AC_LIBOBJ' Automake will automatically distribute any file listed in 'AC_LIBSOURCE' or 'AC_LIBSOURCES'. Note that the 'AC_LIBOBJ' macro calls 'AC_LIBSOURCE'. So if an Autoconf macro is documented to call 'AC_LIBOBJ([file])', then 'file.c' will be distributed automatically by Automake. This encompasses many macros like 'AC_FUNC_ALLOCA', 'AC_FUNC_MEMCMP', 'AC_REPLACE_FUNCS', and others. By the way, direct assignments to 'LIBOBJS' are no longer supported. You should always use 'AC_LIBOBJ' for this purpose. *Note 'AC_LIBOBJ' vs. 'LIBOBJS': (autoconf)AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS. 'AC_PROG_RANLIB' This is required if any libraries are built in the package. *Note Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs. 'AC_PROG_CXX' This is required if any C++ source is included. *Note Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs. 'AC_PROG_F77' This is required if any Fortran 77 source is included. This macro is distributed with Autoconf version 2.13 and later. *Note Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs. 'AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS' This is required for programs and shared libraries that are a mixture of languages that include Fortran 77 (*note Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++::). *Note Autoconf macros supplied with Automake: Macros. 'AC_PROG_LIBTOOL' Automake will turn on processing for 'libtool' (*note Introduction: (libtool)Top.). 'AC_PROG_YACC' If a Yacc source file is seen, then you must either use this macro or define the variable 'YACC' in 'configure.ac'. The former is preferred (*note Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs.). 'AC_PROG_LEX' If a Lex source file is seen, then this macro must be used. *Note Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs. 'AC_SUBST' The first argument is automatically defined as a variable in each generated 'Makefile.in'. *Note Setting Output Variables: (autoconf)Setting Output Variables. If the Autoconf manual says that a macro calls 'AC_SUBST' for VAR, or defines the output variable VAR then VAR will be defined in each 'Makefile.in' generated by Automake. E.g. 'AC_PATH_XTRA' defines 'X_CFLAGS' and 'X_LIBS', so you can use these variables in any 'Makefile.am' if 'AC_PATH_XTRA' is called. 'AM_C_PROTOTYPES' This is required when using automatic de-ANSI-fication; see *note ANSI::. 'AM_GNU_GETTEXT' This macro is required for packages which use GNU gettext (*note gettext::). It is distributed with gettext. If Automake sees this macro it ensures that the package meets some of gettext's requirements. 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' This macro adds a '--enable-maintainer-mode' option to 'configure'. If this is used, 'automake' will cause 'maintainer-only' rules to be turned off by default in the generated 'Makefile.in's. This macro defines the 'MAINTAINER_MODE' conditional, which you can use in your own 'Makefile.am'. 'm4_include' Files included by 'configure.ac' using this macro will be detected by Automake and automatically distributed. They will also appear as dependencies in 'Makefile' rules. 'm4_include' is seldom used by 'configure.ac' authors, but can appear in 'aclocal.m4' when 'aclocal' detects that some required macros come from files local to your package (as opposed to macros installed in a system-wide directory, see *note Invoking aclocal::). 5.3 Auto-generating aclocal.m4 ============================== Automake includes a number of Autoconf macros which can be used in your package (*note Macros::); some of them are actually required by Automake in certain situations. These macros must be defined in your 'aclocal.m4'; otherwise they will not be seen by 'autoconf'. The 'aclocal' program will automatically generate 'aclocal.m4' files based on the contents of 'configure.ac'. This provides a convenient way to get Automake-provided macros, without having to search around. The 'aclocal' mechanism allows other packages to supply their own macros (*note Extending aclocal::). You can also use it to maintain your own set of custom macros (*note Local Macros::). At startup, 'aclocal' scans all the '.m4' files it can find, looking for macro definitions (*note Macro search path::). Then it scans 'configure.ac'. Any mention of one of the macros found in the first step causes that macro, and any macros it in turn requires, to be put into 'aclocal.m4'. _Putting_ the file that contains the macro definition into 'aclocal.m4' is usually done by copying the entire text of this file, including unused macro definitions as well as both '#' and 'dnl' comments. If you want to make a comment which will be completely ignored by 'aclocal', use '##' as the comment leader. When 'aclocal' detects that the file containing the macro definition is in a subdirectory of your package, it will use 'm4_include' instead of copying it; this makes the package smaller and eases dependency tracking. This only works if the subdirectory containing the macro was specified as a relative search path with 'aclocal''s '-I' argument. (*note Local Macros:: for an example.) Any macro which is found in a system-wide directory, or via an absolute search path will be copied. The contents of 'acinclude.m4', if it exists, are also automatically included in 'aclocal.m4'. We recommend against using 'acinclude.m4' in new packages (*note Local Macros::). While computing 'aclocal.m4', 'aclocal' runs 'autom4te' (*note Using 'Autom4te': (autoconf)Using autom4te.) in order to trace the macros which are really used, and omit from 'aclocal.m4' all macros which are mentioned but otherwise unexpanded (this can happen when a macro is called conditionally). 'autom4te' is expected to be in the 'PATH', just as 'autoconf'. Its location can be overridden using the 'AUTOM4TE' environment variable. 5.4 aclocal options =================== 'aclocal' accepts the following options: '--acdir=DIR' Look for the macro files in DIR instead of the installation directory. This is typically used for debugging. '--help' Print a summary of the command line options and exit. '-I DIR' Add the directory DIR to the list of directories searched for '.m4' files. '--force' Always overwrite the output file. The default is to overwrite the output file only when really needed, i.e., when its contents changes or if one of its dependencies is younger. '--output=FILE' Cause the output to be put into FILE instead of 'aclocal.m4'. '--print-ac-dir' Prints the name of the directory which 'aclocal' will search to find third-party '.m4' files. When this option is given, normal processing is suppressed. This option can be used by a package to determine where to install a macro file. '--verbose' Print the names of the files it examines. '--version' Print the version number of Automake and exit. 5.5 Macro search path ===================== By default, 'aclocal' searches for '.m4' files in the following directories, in this order: 'ACDIR-APIVERSION' This is where the '.m4' macros distributed with automake itself are stored. APIVERSION depends on the automake release used; for automake 1.6.x, APIVERSION = '1.6'. 'ACDIR' This directory is intended for third party '.m4' files, and is configured when 'automake' itself is built. This is '@datadir@/aclocal/', which typically expands to '${prefix}/share/aclocal/'. To find the compiled-in value of ACDIR, use the '--print-ac-dir' option (*note aclocal options::). As an example, suppose that automake-1.6.2 was configured with '--prefix=/usr/local'. Then, the search path would be: 1. '/usr/local/share/aclocal-1.6/' 2. '/usr/local/share/aclocal/' As explained in (*note aclocal options::), there are several options that can be used to change or extend this search path. 5.5.1 Modifying the macro search path: '--acdir' ------------------------------------------------ The most obvious option to modify the search path is '--acdir=DIR', which changes default directory and drops the APIVERSION directory. For example, if one specifies '--acdir=/opt/private/', then the search path becomes: 1. '/opt/private/' Note that this option, '--acdir', is intended for use by the internal automake test suite only; it is not ordinarily needed by end-users. 5.5.2 Modifying the macro search path: '-I DIR' ----------------------------------------------- Any extra directories specified using '-I' options (*note aclocal options::) are _prepended_ to this search list. Thus, 'aclocal -I /foo -I /bar' results in the following search path: 1. '/foo' 2. '/bar' 3. ACDIR-APIVERSION 4. ACDIR 5.5.3 Modifying the macro search path: 'dirlist' ------------------------------------------------ There is a third mechanism for customizing the search path. If a 'dirlist' file exists in ACDIR, then that file is assumed to contain a list of directories, one per line, to be added to the search list. These directories are searched _after_ all other directories. For example, suppose 'ACDIR/dirlist' contains the following: /test1 /test2 and that 'aclocal' was called with the '-I /foo -I /bar' options. Then, the search path would be 1. '/foo' 2. '/bar' 3. ACDIR-APIVERSION 4. ACDIR 5. '/test1' 6. '/test2' If the '--acdir=DIR' option is used, then 'aclocal' will search for the 'dirlist' file in DIR. In the '--acdir=/opt/private/' example above, 'aclocal' would look for '/opt/private/dirlist'. Again, however, the '--acdir' option is intended for use by the internal automake test suite only; '--acdir' is not ordinarily needed by end-users. 'dirlist' is useful in the following situation: suppose that 'automake' version '1.6.2' is installed with $prefix=/usr by the system vendor. Thus, the default search directories are 1. '/usr/share/aclocal-1.6/' 2. '/usr/share/aclocal/' However, suppose further that many packages have been manually installed on the system, with $prefix=/usr/local, as is typical. In that case, many of these "extra" '.m4' files are in '/usr/local/share/aclocal'. The only way to force '/usr/bin/aclocal' to find these "extra" '.m4' files is to always call 'aclocal -I /usr/local/share/aclocal'. This is inconvenient. With 'dirlist', one may create the file '/usr/share/aclocal/dirlist' which contains only the single line '/usr/local/share/aclocal' Now, the "default" search path on the affected system is 1. '/usr/share/aclocal-1.6/' 2. '/usr/share/aclocal/' 3. '/usr/local/share/aclocal/' without the need for '-I' options; '-I' options can be reserved for project-specific needs ('my-source-dir/m4/'), rather than using it to work around local system-dependent tool installation directories. Similarly, 'dirlist' can be handy if you have installed a local copy Automake on your account and want 'aclocal' to look for macros installed at other places on the system. 5.6 Autoconf macros supplied with Automake ========================================== Automake ships with several Autoconf macros that you can use from your 'configure.ac'. When you use one of them it will be included by 'aclocal' in 'aclocal.m4'. 5.6.1 Public macros ------------------- 'AM_CONFIG_HEADER' Automake will generate rules to automatically regenerate the config header. This obsolete macro is a synonym of 'AC_CONFIG_HEADERS' today (*note Optional::). 'AM_ENABLE_MULTILIB' This is used when a "multilib" library is being built. The first optional argument is the name of the 'Makefile' being generated; it defaults to 'Makefile'. The second option argument is used to find the top source directory; it defaults to the empty string (generally this should not be used unless you are familiar with the internals). *Note Multilibs::. 'AM_C_PROTOTYPES' Check to see if function prototypes are understood by the compiler. If so, define 'PROTOTYPES' and set the output variables 'U' and 'ANSI2KNR' to the empty string. Otherwise, set 'U' to '_' and 'ANSI2KNR' to './ansi2knr'. Automake uses these values to implement automatic de-ANSI-fication. 'AM_HEADER_TIOCGWINSZ_NEEDS_SYS_IOCTL' If the use of 'TIOCGWINSZ' requires '', then define 'GWINSZ_IN_SYS_IOCTL'. Otherwise 'TIOCGWINSZ' can be found in ''. 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([OPTIONS])' 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE(PACKAGE, VERSION, [NO-DEFINE])' Runs many macros required for proper operation of the generated Makefiles. This macro has two forms, the first of which is preferred. In this form, 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' is called with a single argument -- a space-separated list of Automake options which should be applied to every 'Makefile.am' in the tree. The effect is as if each option were listed in 'AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS'. The second, deprecated, form of 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' has two required arguments: the package and the version number. This form is obsolete because the PACKAGE and VERSION can be obtained from Autoconf's 'AC_INIT' macro (which itself has an old and a new form). If your 'configure.ac' has: AC_INIT(src/foo.c) AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE(mumble, 1.5) you can modernize it as follows: AC_INIT(mumble, 1.5) AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR(src/foo.c) AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE Note that if you're upgrading your 'configure.ac' from an earlier version of Automake, it is not always correct to simply move the package and version arguments from 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' directly to 'AC_INIT', as in the example above. The first argument to 'AC_INIT' should be the name of your package (e.g. 'GNU Automake'), not the tarball name (e.g. 'automake') that you used to pass to 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE'. Autoconf tries to derive a tarball name from the package name, which should work for most but not all package names. (If it doesn't work for yours, you can use the four-argument form of 'AC_INIT' -- supported in Autoconf versions greater than 2.52g -- to provide the tarball name explicitly). By default this macro 'AC_DEFINE''s 'PACKAGE' and 'VERSION'. This can be avoided by passing the 'no-define' option, as in: AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([gnits 1.5 no-define dist-bzip2]) or by passing a third non-empty argument to the obsolete form. 'AM_PATH_LISPDIR' Searches for the program 'emacs', and, if found, sets the output variable 'lispdir' to the full path to Emacs' site-lisp directory. Note that this test assumes the 'emacs' found to be a version that supports Emacs Lisp (such as GNU Emacs or XEmacs). Other emacsen can cause this test to hang (some, like old versions of MicroEmacs, start up in interactive mode, requiring 'C-x C-c' to exit, which is hardly obvious for a non-emacs user). In most cases, however, you should be able to use 'C-c' to kill the test. In order to avoid problems, you can set 'EMACS' to "no" in the environment, or use the '--with-lispdir' option to 'configure' to explicitly set the correct path (if you're sure you have an 'emacs' that supports Emacs Lisp. 'AM_PROG_AS' Use this macro when you have assembly code in your project. This will choose the assembler for you (by default the C compiler) and set 'CCAS', and will also set 'CCASFLAGS' if required. 'AM_PROG_CC_C_O' This is like 'AC_PROG_CC_C_O', but it generates its results in the manner required by automake. You must use this instead of 'AC_PROG_CC_C_O' when you need this functionality. 'AM_PROG_LEX' Like 'AC_PROG_LEX' (*note Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs.), but uses the 'missing' script on systems that do not have 'lex'. 'HP-UX 10' is one such system. 'AM_PROG_GCJ' This macro finds the 'gcj' program or causes an error. It sets 'GCJ' and 'GCJFLAGS'. 'gcj' is the Java front-end to the GNU Compiler Collection. 'AM_SYS_POSIX_TERMIOS' Check to see if POSIX termios headers and functions are available on the system. If so, set the shell variable 'am_cv_sys_posix_termios' to 'yes'. If not, set the variable to 'no'. 'AM_WITH_DMALLOC' Add support for the dmalloc (ftp://ftp.letters.com/src/dmalloc/dmalloc.tar.gz) package. If the user configures with '--with-dmalloc', then define 'WITH_DMALLOC' and add '-ldmalloc' to 'LIBS'. 'AM_WITH_REGEX' Adds '--with-regex' to the 'configure' command line. If specified (the default), then the 'regex' regular expression library is used, 'regex.o' is put into 'LIBOBJS', and 'WITH_REGEX' is defined. If '--without-regex' is given, then the 'rx' regular expression library is used, and 'rx.o' is put into 'LIBOBJS'. 5.6.2 Private macros -------------------- The following macros are private macros you should not call directly. They are called by the other public macros when appropriate. Do not rely on them, as they might be changed in a future version. Consider them as implementation details; or better, do not consider them at all: skip this section! '_AM_DEPENDENCIES' 'AM_SET_DEPDIR' 'AM_DEP_TRACK' 'AM_OUTPUT_DEPENDENCY_COMMANDS' These macros are used to implement Automake's automatic dependency tracking scheme. They are called automatically by automake when required, and there should be no need to invoke them manually. 'AM_MAKE_INCLUDE' This macro is used to discover how the user's 'make' handles 'include' statements. This macro is automatically invoked when needed; there should be no need to invoke it manually. 'AM_PROG_INSTALL_STRIP' This is used to find a version of 'install' which can be used to 'strip' a program at installation time. This macro is automatically included when required. 'AM_SANITY_CHECK' This checks to make sure that a file created in the build directory is newer than a file in the source directory. This can fail on systems where the clock is set incorrectly. This macro is automatically run from 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE'. 5.7 Writing your own aclocal macros =================================== The 'aclocal' program doesn't have any built-in knowledge of any macros, so it is easy to extend it with your own macros. This can be used by libraries which want to supply their own Autoconf macros for use by other programs. For instance the 'gettext' library supplies a macro 'AM_GNU_GETTEXT' which should be used by any package using 'gettext'. When the library is installed, it installs this macro so that 'aclocal' will find it. A macro file's name should end in '.m4'. Such files should be installed in '$(datadir)/aclocal'. This is as simple as writing: aclocaldir = $(datadir)/aclocal aclocal_DATA = mymacro.m4 myothermacro.m4 A file of macros should be a series of properly quoted 'AC_DEFUN''s (*note (autoconf)Macro Definitions::). The 'aclocal' programs also understands 'AC_REQUIRE' (*note (autoconf)Prerequisite Macros::), so it is safe to put each macro in a separate file. Each file should have no side effects but macro definitions. Especially, any call to 'AC_PREREQ' should be done inside the defined macro, not at the beginning of the file. Starting with Automake 1.8, 'aclocal' will warn about all underquoted calls to 'AC_DEFUN'. We realize this will annoy a lot of people, because 'aclocal' was not so strict in the past and many third party macros are underquoted; and we have to apologize for this temporary inconvenience. The reason we have to be stricter is that a future implementation of 'aclocal' (*note Future of aclocal::) will have to temporary include all these third party '.m4' files, maybe several times, even those which are not actually needed. Doing so should alleviate many problem of the current implementation, however it requires a stricter style from the macro authors. Hopefully it is easy to revise the existing macros. For instance # bad style AC_PREREQ(2.57) AC_DEFUN(AX_FOOBAR, [AC_REQUIRE([AX_SOMETHING])dnl AX_FOO AX_BAR ]) should be rewritten as AC_DEFUN([AX_FOOBAR], [AC_PREREQ(2.57)dnl AC_REQUIRE([AX_SOMETHING])dnl AX_FOO AX_BAR ]) Wrapping the 'AC_PREREQ' call inside the macro ensures that Autoconf 2.57 will not be required if 'AX_FOOBAR' is not actually used. Most importantly, quoting the first argument of 'AC_DEFUN' allows the macro to be redefined or included twice (otherwise this first argument would be expansed during the second definition). If you have been directed here by the 'aclocal' diagnostic but are not the maintainer of the implicated macro, you will want to contact the maintainer of that macro. Please make sure you have the last version of the macro and that the problem already hasn't been reported before doing so: people tend to work faster when they aren't flooded by mails. Another situation where 'aclocal' is commonly used is to manage macros which are used locally by the package, *note Local Macros::. 5.8 Handling Local Macros ========================= Feature tests offered by Autoconf do not cover all needs. People often have to supplement existing tests with their own macros, or with third-party macros. There are two ways to organize custom macros in a package. The first possibility (the historical practice) is to list all your macros in 'acinclude.m4'. This file will be included in 'aclocal.m4' when you run 'aclocal', and its macro(s) will henceforth be visible to 'autoconf'. However if it contains numerous macros, it will rapidly become difficult to maintain, and it will be almost impossible to share macros between packages. The second possibility, which we do recommend, is to write each macro in its own file and gather all these files in a directory. This directory is usually called 'm4/'. To build 'aclocal.m4', one should therefore instruct 'aclocal' to scan 'm4/'. From the command line, this is done with 'aclocal -I m4'. The top-level 'Makefile.am' should also be updated to define ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4 'ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS' contains options to pass to 'aclocal' when 'aclocal.m4' is to be rebuilt by 'make'. This line is also used by 'autoreconf' (*note Using 'autoreconf' to Update 'configure' Scripts: (autoconf)autoreconf Invocation.) to run 'aclocal' with suitable options, or by 'autopoint' (*note Invoking the 'autopoint' Program: (gettext)autopoint Invocation.) and 'gettextize' (*note Invoking the 'gettextize' Program: (gettext)gettextize Invocation.) to locate the place where Gettext's macros should be installed. So even if you do not really care about the rebuild rules, you should define 'ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS'. When 'aclocal -I m4' is run, it will build a 'aclocal.m4' that 'm4_include's any file from 'm4/' that defines a required macro. Macros not found locally will still be searched in system-wide directories, as explained in *note Macro search path::. Custom macros should be distributed for the same reason that 'configure.ac' is: so that other people have all the sources of your package if they want to work on it. Actually, this distribution happens automatically because all 'm4_include'd files are distributed. However there is no consensus on the distribution of third-party macros that your package may use. Many libraries install their own macro in the system-wide 'aclocal' directory (*note Extending aclocal::). For instance Guile ships with a file called 'guile.m4' that contains the macro 'GUILE_FLAGS' which can be used to define setup compiler and linker flags appropriate for using Guile. Using 'GUILE_FLAGS' in 'configure.ac' will cause 'aclocal' to copy 'guile.m4' into 'aclocal.m4', but as 'guile.m4' is not part of the project, it will not be distributed. Technically, that means a user which needs to rebuild 'aclocal.m4' will have to install Guile first. This is probably OK, if Guile already is a requirement to build the package. However, if Guile is only an optional feature, or if your package might run on architectures where Guile cannot be installed, this requirement will hinder development. An easy solution is to copy such third-party macros in your local 'm4/' directory so they get distributed. 5.9 The Future of 'aclocal' =========================== 'aclocal' is expected to disappear. This feature really should not be offered by Automake. Automake should focus on generating 'Makefile's; dealing with M4 macros really is Autoconf's job. That some people install Automake just to use 'aclocal', but do not use 'automake' otherwise is an indication of how that feature is misplaced. The new implementation will probably be done slightly differently. For instance it could enforce the 'm4/'-style layout discussed in *note Local Macros::, and take care of copying (or even updating) third-party macro into this directory. We have no idea when and how this will happen. This has been discussed several times in the past, but someone still has to commit itself to that non-trivial task. From the user point of view, 'aclocal''s removal might turn out to be painful. There is a simple precaution that you may take to make that switch more seamless: never call 'aclocal' yourself. Keep this guy under the exclusive control of 'autoreconf' and Automake's rebuild rules. Hopefully you won't need to worry about things breaking, when 'aclocal' disappears, because everything will have been taken care of. If otherwise you used to call 'aclocal' directly yourself or from some script, you will quickly notice the change. Many packages come with a script called 'bootstrap.sh' or 'autogen.sh', that will just call 'aclocal', 'libtoolize', 'gettextize' or 'autopoint', 'autoconf', 'autoheader', and 'automake' in the right order. Actually this is precisely what 'autoreconf' can do for you. If your package has such a 'bootstrap.sh' or 'autogen.sh' script, consider using 'autoreconf'. That should simplify its logic a lot (less things to maintain, yum!), it's even likely you will not need the script anymore, and more to the point you will not call 'aclocal' directly anymore. 6 The top-level 'Makefile.am' ***************************** 6.1 Recursing subdirectories ============================ In packages with subdirectories, the top level 'Makefile.am' must tell Automake which subdirectories are to be built. This is done via the 'SUBDIRS' variable. The 'SUBDIRS' variable holds a list of subdirectories in which building of various sorts can occur. The rules for many targets (e.g. 'all') in the generated 'Makefile' will run commands both locally and in all specified subdirectories. Note that the directories listed in 'SUBDIRS' are not required to contain 'Makefile.am's; only 'Makefile's (after configuration). This allows inclusion of libraries from packages which do not use Automake (such as 'gettext'). In packages that use subdirectories, the top-level 'Makefile.am' is often very short. For instance, here is the 'Makefile.am' from the GNU Hello distribution: EXTRA_DIST = BUGS ChangeLog.O README-alpha SUBDIRS = doc intl po src tests When Automake invokes 'make' in a subdirectory, it uses the value of the 'MAKE' variable. It passes the value of the variable 'AM_MAKEFLAGS' to the 'make' invocation; this can be set in 'Makefile.am' if there are flags you must always pass to 'make'. The directories mentioned in 'SUBDIRS' must be direct children of the current directory. For instance, you cannot put 'src/subdir' into 'SUBDIRS'. Instead you should put 'SUBDIRS = subdir' into 'src/Makefile.am'. Automake can be used to construct packages of arbitrary depth this way. By default, Automake generates 'Makefiles' which work depth-first ('postfix'). However, it is possible to change this ordering. You can do this by putting '.' into 'SUBDIRS'. For instance, putting '.' first will cause a 'prefix' ordering of directories. All 'clean' rules are run in reverse order of build rules. 6.2 Conditional subdirectories ============================== It is possible to define the 'SUBDIRS' variable conditionally if, like in the case of GNU 'Inetutils', you want to only build a subset of the entire package. To illustrate how this works, let's assume we have two directories 'src/' and 'opt/'. 'src/' should always be built, but we want to decide in './configure' whether 'opt/' will be built or not. (For this example we will assume that 'opt/' should be built when the variable '$want_opt' was set to 'yes'.) Running 'make' should thus recurse into 'src/' always, and then maybe in 'opt/'. However 'make dist' should always recurse into both 'src/' and 'opt/'. Because 'opt/' should be distributed even if it is not needed in the current configuration. This means 'opt/Makefile' should be created unconditionally. (1) There are two ways to setup a project like this. You can use Automake conditionals (*note Conditionals::) or use Autoconf 'AC_SUBST' variables (*note Setting Output Variables: (autoconf)Setting Output Variables.). Using Automake conditionals is the preferred solution. 6.2.1 Conditional subdirectories with 'AM_CONDITIONAL' ------------------------------------------------------ 'configure' should output the 'Makefile' for each directory and define a condition into which 'opt/' should be built. ... AM_CONDITIONAL([COND_OPT], [test "$want_opt" = yes]) AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile src/Makefile opt/Makefile]) ... Then 'SUBDIRS' can be defined in the top-level 'Makefile.am' as follows. if COND_OPT MAYBE_OPT = opt endif SUBDIRS = src $(MAYBE_OPT) As you can see, running 'make' will rightly recurse into 'src/' and maybe 'opt/'. As you can't see, running 'make dist' will recurse into both 'src/' and 'opt/' directories because 'make dist', unlike 'make all', doesn't use the 'SUBDIRS' variable. It uses the 'DIST_SUBDIRS' variable. In this case Automake will define 'DIST_SUBDIRS = src opt' automatically because it knows that 'MAYBE_OPT' can contain 'opt' in some condition. 6.2.2 Conditional subdirectories with 'AC_SUBST' ------------------------------------------------ Another idea is to define 'MAYBE_OPT' from './configure' using 'AC_SUBST': ... if test "$want_opt" = yes; then MAYBE_OPT=opt else MAYBE_OPT= fi AC_SUBST([MAYBE_OPT]) AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile src/Makefile opt/Makefile]) ... In this case the top-level 'Makefile.am' should look as follows. SUBDIRS = src $(MAYBE_OPT) DIST_SUBDIRS = src opt The drawback is that since Automake cannot guess what the possible values of 'MAYBE_OPT' are, it is necessary to define 'DIST_SUBDIRS'. 6.2.3 How 'DIST_SUBDIRS' is used -------------------------------- As shown in the above examples, 'DIST_SUBDIRS' is used in rules that need to recurse in all directories, even those which have been conditionally left out of the build. Precisely, 'DIST_SUBDIRS' is used by 'make dist', 'make distclean', and 'make maintainer-clean'. All other recursive rules use 'SUBDIRS'. Automake will define 'DIST_SUBDIRS' automatically from the possibles values of 'SUBDIRS' in all conditions. If 'SUBDIRS' contains 'AC_SUBST' variables, 'DIST_SUBDIRS' will not be defined correctly because Automake doesn't know the possible values of these variables. In this case 'DIST_SUBDIRS' needs to be defined manually. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Don't try seeking a solution where 'opt/Makefile' is created conditionally, this is a lot trickier than the solutions presented here. 7 An Alternative Approach to Subdirectories ******************************************* If you've ever read Peter Miller's excellent paper, Recursive Make Considered Harmful (http://www.pcug.org.au/~millerp/rmch/recu-make-cons-harm.html), the preceding section on the use of subdirectories will probably come as unwelcome advice. For those who haven't read the paper, Miller's main thesis is that recursive 'make' invocations are both slow and error-prone. Automake provides sufficient cross-directory support (1) to enable you to write a single 'Makefile.am' for a complex multi-directory package. By default an installable file specified in a subdirectory will have its directory name stripped before installation. For instance, in this example, the header file will be installed as '$(includedir)/stdio.h': include_HEADERS = inc/stdio.h However, the 'nobase_' prefix can be used to circumvent this path stripping. In this example, the header file will be installed as '$(includedir)/sys/types.h': nobase_include_HEADERS = sys/types.h 'nobase_' should be specified first when used in conjunction with either 'dist_' or 'nodist_' (*note Dist::). For instance: nobase_dist_pkgdata_DATA = images/vortex.pgm ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) We believe. This work is new and there are probably warts. *Note Introduction::, for information on reporting bugs. 8 Building Programs and Libraries ********************************* A large part of Automake's functionality is dedicated to making it easy to build programs and libraries. 8.1 Building a program ====================== In order to build a program, you need to tell Automake which sources are part of it, and which libraries it should be linked with. This section also covers conditional compilation of sources or programs. Most of the comments about these also apply to libraries (*note A Library::) and libtool libraries (*note A Shared Library::). 8.1.1 Defining program sources ------------------------------ In a directory containing source that gets built into a program (as opposed to a library or a script), the 'PROGRAMS' primary is used. Programs can be installed in 'bindir', 'sbindir', 'libexecdir', 'pkglibdir', or not at all ('noinst'). They can also be built only for 'make check', in which case the prefix is 'check'. For instance: bin_PROGRAMS = hello In this simple case, the resulting 'Makefile.in' will contain code to generate a program named 'hello'. Associated with each program are several assisting variables which are named after the program. These variables are all optional, and have reasonable defaults. Each variable, its use, and default is spelled out below; we use the "hello" example throughout. The variable 'hello_SOURCES' is used to specify which source files get built into an executable: hello_SOURCES = hello.c version.c getopt.c getopt1.c getopt.h system.h This causes each mentioned '.c' file to be compiled into the corresponding '.o'. Then all are linked to produce 'hello'. If 'hello_SOURCES' is not specified, then it defaults to the single file 'hello.c' (*note Default _SOURCES::). Multiple programs can be built in a single directory. Multiple programs can share a single source file, which must be listed in each '_SOURCES' definition. Header files listed in a '_SOURCES' definition will be included in the distribution but otherwise ignored. In case it isn't obvious, you should not include the header file generated by 'configure' in a '_SOURCES' variable; this file should not be distributed. Lex ('.l') and Yacc ('.y') files can also be listed; see *note Yacc and Lex::. 8.1.2 Linking the program ------------------------- If you need to link against libraries that are not found by 'configure', you can use 'LDADD' to do so. This variable is used to specify additional objects or libraries to link with; it is inappropriate for specifying specific linker flags, you should use 'AM_LDFLAGS' for this purpose. Sometimes, multiple programs are built in one directory but do not share the same link-time requirements. In this case, you can use the 'PROG_LDADD' variable (where PROG is the name of the program as it appears in some '_PROGRAMS' variable, and usually written in lowercase) to override the global 'LDADD'. If this variable exists for a given program, then that program is not linked using 'LDADD'. For instance, in GNU cpio, 'pax', 'cpio' and 'mt' are linked against the library 'libcpio.a'. However, 'rmt' is built in the same directory, and has no such link requirement. Also, 'mt' and 'rmt' are only built on certain architectures. Here is what cpio's 'src/Makefile.am' looks like (abridged): bin_PROGRAMS = cpio pax $(MT) libexec_PROGRAMS = $(RMT) EXTRA_PROGRAMS = mt rmt LDADD = ../lib/libcpio.a $(INTLLIBS) rmt_LDADD = cpio_SOURCES = ... pax_SOURCES = ... mt_SOURCES = ... rmt_SOURCES = ... 'PROG_LDADD' is inappropriate for passing program-specific linker flags (except for '-l', '-L', '-dlopen' and '-dlpreopen'). So, use the 'PROG_LDFLAGS' variable for this purpose. It is also occasionally useful to have a program depend on some other target which is not actually part of that program. This can be done using the 'PROG_DEPENDENCIES' variable. Each program depends on the contents of such a variable, but no further interpretation is done. If 'PROG_DEPENDENCIES' is not supplied, it is computed by Automake. The automatically-assigned value is the contents of 'PROG_LDADD', with most configure substitutions, '-l', '-L', '-dlopen' and '-dlpreopen' options removed. The configure substitutions that are left in are only '$(LIBOBJS)' and '$(ALLOCA)'; these are left because it is known that they will not cause an invalid value for 'PROG_DEPENDENCIES' to be generated. 8.1.3 Conditional compilation of sources ---------------------------------------- You can't put a configure substitution (e.g., '@FOO@' or '$(FOO)' where 'FOO' is defined via 'AC_SUBST') into a '_SOURCES' variable. The reason for this is a bit hard to explain, but suffice to say that it simply won't work. Automake will give an error if you try to do this. Fortunately there are two other ways to achieve the same result. One is to use configure substitutions in '_LDADD' variables, the other is to use an Automake conditional. 8.1.3.1 Conditional compilation using '_LDADD' substitutions ............................................................ Automake must know all the source files that could possibly go into a program, even if not all the files are built in every circumstance. Any files which are only conditionally built should be listed in the appropriate 'EXTRA_' variable. For instance, if 'hello-linux.c' or 'hello-generic.c' were conditionally included in 'hello', the 'Makefile.am' would contain: bin_PROGRAMS = hello hello_SOURCES = hello-common.c EXTRA_hello_SOURCES = hello-linux.c hello-generic.c hello_LDADD = $(HELLO_SYSTEM) hello_DEPENDENCIES = $(HELLO_SYSTEM) You can then setup the '$(HELLO_SYSTEM)' substitution from 'configure.ac': ... case $host in *linux*) HELLO_SYSTEM='hello-linux.$(OBJEXT)' ;; *) HELLO_SYSTEM='hello-generic.$(OBJEXT)' ;; esac AC_SUBST([HELLO_SYSTEM]) ... In this case, 'HELLO_SYSTEM' should be replaced by 'hello-linux.o' or 'hello-generic.o', and added to 'hello_DEPENDENCIES' and 'hello_LDADD' in order to be built and linked in. 8.1.3.2 Conditional compilation using Automake conditionals ........................................................... An often simpler way to compile source files conditionally is to use Automake conditionals. For instance, you could use this 'Makefile.am' construct to build the same 'hello' example: bin_PROGRAMS = hello if LINUX hello_SOURCES = hello-linux.c hello-common.c else hello_SOURCES = hello-generic.c hello-common.c endif In this case, your 'configure.ac' should setup the 'LINUX' conditional using 'AM_CONDITIONAL' (*note Conditionals::). When using conditionals like this you don't need to use the 'EXTRA_' variable, because Automake will examine the contents of each variable to construct the complete list of source files. If your program uses a lot of files, you will probably prefer a conditional '+='. bin_PROGRAMS = hello hello_SOURCES = hello-common.c if LINUX hello_SOURCES += hello-linux.c else hello_SOURCES += hello-generic.c endif 8.1.4 Conditional compilation of programs ----------------------------------------- Sometimes it is useful to determine the programs that are to be built at configure time. For instance, GNU 'cpio' only builds 'mt' and 'rmt' under special circumstances. The means to achieve conditional compilation of programs are the same you can use to compile source files conditionally: substitutions or conditionals. 8.1.4.1 Conditional programs using 'configure' substitutions ............................................................ In this case, you must notify Automake of all the programs that can possibly be built, but at the same time cause the generated 'Makefile.in' to use the programs specified by 'configure'. This is done by having 'configure' substitute values into each '_PROGRAMS' definition, while listing all optionally built programs in 'EXTRA_PROGRAMS'. bin_PROGRAMS = cpio pax $(MT) libexec_PROGRAMS = $(RMT) EXTRA_PROGRAMS = mt rmt As explained in *note EXEEXT::, Automake will rewrite 'bin_PROGRAMS', 'libexec_PROGRAMS', and 'EXTRA_PROGRAMS', appending '$(EXEEXT)' to each binary. Obviously it cannot rewrite values obtained at run-time through 'configure' substitutions, therefore you should take care of appending '$(EXEEXT)' yourself, as in 'AC_SUBST([MT], ['mt${EXEEXT}'])'. 8.1.4.2 Conditional programs using Automake conditionals ........................................................ You can also use Automake conditionals (*note Conditionals::) to select programs to be built. In this case you don't have to worry about '$(EXEEXT)' or 'EXTRA_PROGRAMS'. bin_PROGRAMS = cpio pax if WANT_MT bin_PROGRAMS += mt endif if WANT_RMT libexec_PROGRAMS = rmt endif 8.2 Building a library ====================== Building a library is much like building a program. In this case, the name of the primary is 'LIBRARIES'. Libraries can be installed in 'libdir' or 'pkglibdir'. *Note A Shared Library::, for information on how to build shared libraries using libtool and the 'LTLIBRARIES' primary. Each '_LIBRARIES' variable is a list of the libraries to be built. For instance to create a library named 'libcpio.a', but not install it, you would write: noinst_LIBRARIES = libcpio.a The sources that go into a library are determined exactly as they are for programs, via the '_SOURCES' variables. Note that the library name is canonicalized (*note Canonicalization::), so the '_SOURCES' variable corresponding to 'liblob.a' is 'liblob_a_SOURCES', not 'liblob.a_SOURCES'. Extra objects can be added to a library using the 'LIBRARY_LIBADD' variable. This should be used for objects determined by 'configure'. Again from 'cpio': libcpio_a_LIBADD = $(LIBOBJS) $(ALLOCA) In addition, sources for extra objects that will not exist until configure-time must be added to the 'BUILT_SOURCES' variable (*note Sources::). Building a static library is done by compiling all object files, then by invoking '$(AR) $(ARFLAGS)' followed by the name of the library and the list of objects, and finally by calling '$(RANLIB)' on that library. You should call 'AC_PROG_RANLIB' from your 'configure.ac' to define 'RANLIB' (Automake will complain otherwise). 'AR' and 'ARFLAGS' default to 'ar' and 'cru' respectively; you can override these two variables my setting them in your 'Makefile.am', by 'AC_SUBST'ing them from your 'configure.ac', or by defining a per-library 'maude_AR' variable (*note Program and Library Variables::). 8.3 Building a Shared Library ============================= Building shared libraries portably is a relatively complex matter. For this reason, GNU Libtool (*note Introduction: (libtool)Top.) was created to help build shared libraries in a platform-independent way. 8.3.1 The Libtool Concept ------------------------- Libtool abstracts shared and static libraries into a unified concept henceforth called "libtool libraries". Libtool libraries are files using the '.la' suffix, and can designate a static library, a shared library, or maybe both. Their exact nature cannot be determined until './configure' is run: not all platforms support all kinds of libraries, and users can explicitly select which libraries should be built. (However the package's maintainers can tune the default, *Note The 'AC_PROG_LIBTOOL' macro: (libtool)AC_PROG_LIBTOOL.) Because object files for shared and static libraries must be compiled differently, libtool is also used during compilation. Object files built by libtool are called "libtool objects": these are files using the '.lo' suffix. Libtool libraries are built from these libtool objects. You should not assume anything about the structure of '.la' or '.lo' files and how libtool constructs them: this is libtool's concern, and the last thing one wants is to learn about libtool's guts. However the existence of these files matters, because they are used as targets and dependencies in 'Makefile's rules when building libtool libraries. There are situations where you may have to refer to these, for instance when expressing dependencies for building source files conditionally (*note Conditional Libtool Sources::). People considering writing a plug-in system, with dynamically loaded modules, should look into 'libltdl': libtool's dlopening library (*note Using libltdl: (libtool)Using libltdl.). This offers a portable dlopening facility to load libtool libraries dynamically, and can also achieve static linking where unavoidable. Before we discuss how to use libtool with Automake in details, it should be noted that the libtool manual also has a section about how to use Automake with libtool (*note Using Automake with Libtool: (libtool)Using Automake.). 8.3.2 Building Libtool Libraries -------------------------------- Automake uses libtool to build libraries declared with the 'LTLIBRARIES' primary. Each '_LTLIBRARIES' variable is a list of libtool libraries to build. For instance, to create a libtool library named 'libgettext.la', and install it in 'libdir', write: lib_LTLIBRARIES = libgettext.la libgettext_la_SOURCES = gettext.c gettext.h ... Automake predefines the variable 'pkglibdir', so you can use 'pkglib_LTLIBRARIES' to install libraries in '$(libdir)/@PACKAGE@/'. 8.3.3 Building Libtool Libraries Conditionally ---------------------------------------------- Like conditional programs (*note Conditional Programs::), there are two main ways to build conditional libraries: using Automake conditionals or using Autoconf 'AC_SUBST'itutions. The important implementation detail you have to be aware of is that the place where a library will be installed matters to libtool: it needs to be indicated _at link-time_ using the '-rpath' option. For libraries whose destination directory is known when Automake runs, Automake will automatically supply the appropriate '-rpath' option to libtool. This is the case for libraries listed explicitly in some installable '_LTLIBRARIES' variables such as 'lib_LTLIBRARIES'. However, for libraries determined at configure time (and thus mentioned in 'EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES'), Automake does not know the final installation directory. For such libraries you must add the '-rpath' option to the appropriate '_LDFLAGS' variable by hand. The examples below illustrate the differences between these two methods. Here is an example where '$(WANTEDLIBS)' is an 'AC_SUBST'ed variable set at './configure'-time to either 'libfoo.la', 'libbar.la', both, or none. Although '$(WANTEDLIBS)' appears in the 'lib_LTLIBRARIES', Automake cannot guess it relates to 'libfoo.la' or 'libbar.la' by the time it creates the link rule for these two libraries. Therefore the '-rpath' argument must be explicitly supplied. EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la libbar.la lib_LTLIBRARIES = $(WANTEDLIBS) libfoo_la_SOURCES = foo.c ... libfoo_la_LDFLAGS = -rpath '$(libdir)' libbar_la_SOURCES = bar.c ... libbar_la_LDFLAGS = -rpath '$(libdir)' Here is how the same 'Makefile.am' would look using Automake conditionals named 'WANT_LIBFOO' and 'WANT_LIBBAR'. Now Automake is able to compute the '-rpath' setting itself, because it's clear that both libraries will end up in '$(libdir)' if they are installed. lib_LTLIBRARIES = if WANT_LIBFOO lib_LTLIBRARIES += libfoo.la endif if WANT_LIBBAR lib_LTLIBRARIES += libbar.la endif libfoo_la_SOURCES = foo.c ... libbar_la_SOURCES = bar.c ... 8.3.4 Libtool Libraries with Conditional Sources ------------------------------------------------ Conditional compilation of sources in a library can be achieved in the same way as conditional compilation of sources in a program (*note Conditional Sources::). The only difference is that '_LIBADD' should be used instead of '_LDADD' and that it should mention libtool objects ('.lo' files). So, to mimic the 'hello' example from *note Conditional Sources::, we could build a 'libhello.la' library using either 'hello-linux.c' or 'hello-generic.c' with the following 'Makefile.am'. lib_LTLIBRARIES = libhello.la libhello_la_SOURCES = hello-common.c EXTRA_libhello_la_SOURCES = hello-linux.c hello-generic.c libhello_la_LIBADD = $(HELLO_SYSTEM) libhello_la_DEPENDENCIES = $(HELLO_SYSTEM) And make sure '$(HELLO_SYSTEM)' is set to either 'hello-linux.lo' or 'hello-generic.lo' in './configure'. Or we could simply use an Automake conditional as follows. lib_LTLIBRARIES = libhello.la libhello_la_SOURCES = hello-common.c if LINUX libhello_la_SOURCES += hello-linux.c else libhello_la_SOURCES += hello-generic.c endif 8.3.5 Libtool Convenience Libraries ----------------------------------- Sometimes you want to build libtool libraries which should not be installed. These are called "libtool convenience libraries" and are typically used to encapsulate many sublibraries, later gathered into one big installed library. Libtool convenience libraries are declared by 'noinst_LTLIBRARIES', 'check_LTLIBRARIES', or even 'EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES'. Unlike installed libtool libraries they do not need an '-rpath' flag at link time (actually this is the only difference). Convenience libraries listed in 'noinst_LTLIBRARIES' are always built. Those listed in 'check_LTLIBRARIES' are built only upon 'make check'. Finally, libraries listed in 'EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES' are never built explicitly: Automake outputs rules to build them, but if the library does not appear as a Makefile dependency anywhere it won't be built (this is why 'EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES' is used for conditional compilation). Here is a sample setup merging libtool convenience libraries from subdirectories into one main 'libtop.la' library. # -- Top-level Makefile.am -- SUBDIRS = sub1 sub2 ... lib_LTLIBRARIES = libtop.la libtop_la_SOURCES = libtop_la_LIBADD = \ sub1/libsub1.la \ sub2/libsub2.la \ ... # -- sub1/Makefile.am -- noinst_LTLIBRARIES = libsub1.la libsub1_la_SOURCES = ... # -- sub2/Makefile.am -- # showing nested convenience libraries SUBDIRS = sub2.1 sub2.2 ... noinst_LTLIBRARIES = libsub2.la libsub2_la_SOURCES = libsub2_la_LIBADD = \ sub21/libsub21.la \ sub22/libsub22.la \ ... 8.3.6 Libtool Modules --------------------- These are libtool libraries meant to be dlopened. They are indicated to libtool by passing '-module' at link-time. pkglib_LTLIBRARIES = mymodule.la mymodule_la_SOURCES = doit.c mymodule_LDFLAGS = -module Ordinarily, Automake requires that a Library's name starts with 'lib'. However, when building a dynamically loadable module you might wish to use a "nonstandard" name. If 'mymodule_la_SOURCES' is not specified, then it defaults to the single file 'mymodule.c' (*note Default _SOURCES::). 8.3.7 _LIBADD and _LDFLAGS -------------------------- As shown in previous sections, the 'LIBRARY_LIBADD' variable should be used to list extra libtool objects ('.lo' files) or libtool libraries ('.la') to add to LIBRARY. The 'LIBRARY_LDFLAGS' variable is the place to list additional libtool flags, such as '-version-info', '-static', and a lot more. See *Note Using libltdl: (libtool)Link mode. 8.3.8 'LTLIBOBJS' ----------------- Where an ordinary library might include '$(LIBOBJS)', a libtool library must use '$(LTLIBOBJS)'. This is required because the object files that libtool operates on do not necessarily end in '.o'. Nowadays, the computation of 'LTLIBOBJS' from 'LIBOBJS' is performed automatically by Autoconf (*note 'AC_LIBOBJ' vs. 'LIBOBJS': (autoconf)AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS.). 8.3.9 Common Issues Related to Libtool's Use -------------------------------------------- 8.3.9.1 'required file `./ltmain.sh' not found' ............................................... Libtool comes with a tool called 'libtoolize' that will install libtool's supporting files into a package. Running this command will install 'ltmain.sh'. You should execute it before 'aclocal' and 'automake'. People upgrading old packages to newer autotools are likely to face this issue because older Automake versions used to call 'libtoolize'. Therefore old build scripts do not call 'libtoolize'. Since Automake 1.6, it has been decided that running 'libtoolize' was none of Automake's business. Instead, that functionality has been moved into the 'autoreconf' command (*note Using 'autoreconf': (autoconf)autoreconf Invocation.). If you do not want to remember what to run and when, just learn the 'autoreconf' command. Hopefully, replacing existing 'bootstrap.sh' or 'autogen.sh' scripts by a call to 'autoreconf' should also free you from any similar incompatible change in the future. 8.3.9.2 Objects 'created with both libtool and without' ....................................................... Sometimes, the same source file is used both to build a libtool library and to build another non-libtool target (be it a program or another library). Let's consider the following 'Makefile.am'. bin_PROGRAMS = prog prog_SOURCES = prog.c foo.c ... lib_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la libfoo_la_SOURCES = foo.c ... (In this trivial case the issue could be avoided by linking 'libfoo.la' with 'prog' instead of listing 'foo.c' in 'prog_SOURCES'. But let's assume we really want to keep 'prog' and 'libfoo.la' separate.) Technically, it means that we should build 'foo.$(OBJEXT)' for 'prog', and 'foo.lo' for 'libfoo.la'. The problem is that in the course of creating 'foo.lo', libtool may erase (or replace) 'foo.$(OBJEXT)' - and this cannot be avoided. Therefore, when Automake detects this situation it will complain with a message such as object `foo.$(OBJEXT)' created both with libtool and without A workaround for this issue is to ensure that these two objects get different basenames. As explained in *note renamed objects::, this happens automatically when per-targets flags are used. bin_PROGRAMS = prog prog_SOURCES = prog.c foo.c ... prog_CFLAGS = $(AM_CFLAGS) lib_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la libfoo_la_SOURCES = foo.c ... Adding 'prog_CFLAGS = $(AM_CFLAGS)' is almost a no-op, because when the 'prog_CFLAGS' is defined, it is used instead of 'AM_CFLAGS'. However as a side effect it will cause 'prog.c' and 'foo.c' to be compiled as 'prog-prog.$(OBJEXT)' and 'prog-foo.$(OBJEXT)' which solves the issue. 8.4 Program and Library Variables ================================= Associated with each program are a collection of variables which can be used to modify how that program is built. There is a similar list of such variables for each library. The canonical name of the program (or library) is used as a base for naming these variables. In the list below, we use the name "maude" to refer to the program or library. In your 'Makefile.am' you would replace this with the canonical name of your program. This list also refers to "maude" as a program, but in general the same rules apply for both static and dynamic libraries; the documentation below notes situations where programs and libraries differ. 'maude_SOURCES' This variable, if it exists, lists all the source files which are compiled to build the program. These files are added to the distribution by default. When building the program, Automake will cause each source file to be compiled to a single '.o' file (or '.lo' when using libtool). Normally these object files are named after the source file, but other factors can change this. If a file in the '_SOURCES' variable has an unrecognized extension, Automake will do one of two things with it. If a suffix rule exists for turning files with the unrecognized extension into '.o' files, then automake will treat this file as it will any other source file (*note Support for Other Languages::). Otherwise, the file will be ignored as though it were a header file. The prefixes 'dist_' and 'nodist_' can be used to control whether files listed in a '_SOURCES' variable are distributed. 'dist_' is redundant, as sources are distributed by default, but it can be specified for clarity if desired. It is possible to have both 'dist_' and 'nodist_' variants of a given '_SOURCES' variable at once; this lets you easily distribute some files and not others, for instance: nodist_maude_SOURCES = nodist.c dist_maude_SOURCES = dist-me.c By default the output file (on Unix systems, the '.o' file) will be put into the current build directory. However, if the option 'subdir-objects' is in effect in the current directory then the '.o' file will be put into the subdirectory named after the source file. For instance, with 'subdir-objects' enabled, 'sub/dir/file.c' will be compiled to 'sub/dir/file.o'. Some people prefer this mode of operation. You can specify 'subdir-objects' in 'AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS' (*note Options::). 'EXTRA_maude_SOURCES' Automake needs to know the list of files you intend to compile _statically_. For one thing, this is the only way Automake has of knowing what sort of language support a given 'Makefile.in' requires. (1) This means that, for example, you can't put a configure substitution like '@my_sources@' into a '_SOURCES' variable. If you intend to conditionally compile source files and use 'configure' to substitute the appropriate object names into, e.g., '_LDADD' (see below), then you should list the corresponding source files in the 'EXTRA_' variable. This variable also supports 'dist_' and 'nodist_' prefixes, e.g., 'nodist_EXTRA_maude_SOURCES'. 'maude_AR' A static library is created by default by invoking '$(AR) $(ARFLAGS)' followed by the name of the library and then the objects being put into the library. You can override this by setting the '_AR' variable. This is usually used with C++; some C++ compilers require a special invocation in order to instantiate all the templates which should go into a library. For instance, the SGI C++ compiler likes this variable set like so: libmaude_a_AR = $(CXX) -ar -o 'maude_LIBADD' Extra objects can be added to a _library_ using the '_LIBADD' variable. For instance this should be used for objects determined by 'configure' (*note A Library::). 'maude_LDADD' Extra objects can be added to a _program_ by listing them in the '_LDADD' variable. For instance this should be used for objects determined by 'configure' (*note Linking::). '_LDADD' and '_LIBADD' are inappropriate for passing program-specific linker flags (except for '-l', '-L', '-dlopen' and '-dlpreopen'). Use the '_LDFLAGS' variable for this purpose. For instance, if your 'configure.ac' uses 'AC_PATH_XTRA', you could link your program against the X libraries like so: maude_LDADD = $(X_PRE_LIBS) $(X_LIBS) $(X_EXTRA_LIBS) 'maude_LDFLAGS' This variable is used to pass extra flags to the link step of a program or a shared library. 'maude_DEPENDENCIES' It is also occasionally useful to have a program depend on some other target which is not actually part of that program. This can be done using the '_DEPENDENCIES' variable. Each program depends on the contents of such a variable, but no further interpretation is done. If '_DEPENDENCIES' is not supplied, it is computed by Automake. The automatically-assigned value is the contents of '_LDADD' or '_LIBADD', with most configure substitutions, '-l', '-L', '-dlopen' and '-dlpreopen' options removed. The configure substitutions that are left in are only '$(LIBOBJS)' and '$(ALLOCA)'; these are left because it is known that they will not cause an invalid value for '_DEPENDENCIES' to be generated. 'maude_LINK' You can override the linker on a per-program basis. By default the linker is chosen according to the languages used by the program. For instance, a program that includes C++ source code would use the C++ compiler to link. The '_LINK' variable must hold the name of a command which can be passed all the '.o' file names as arguments. Note that the name of the underlying program is _not_ passed to '_LINK'; typically one uses '$@': maude_LINK = $(CCLD) -magic -o $@ 'maude_CCASFLAGS' 'maude_CFLAGS' 'maude_CPPFLAGS' 'maude_CXXFLAGS' 'maude_FFLAGS' 'maude_GCJFLAGS' 'maude_LFLAGS' 'maude_OBJCFLAGS' 'maude_RFLAGS' 'maude_YFLAGS' Automake allows you to set compilation flags on a per-program (or per-library) basis. A single source file can be included in several programs, and it will potentially be compiled with different flags for each program. This works for any language directly supported by Automake. These "per-target compilation flags" are '_CCASFLAGS', '_CFLAGS', '_CPPFLAGS', '_CXXFLAGS', '_FFLAGS', '_GCJFLAGS', '_LFLAGS', '_OBJCFLAGS', '_RFLAGS', and '_YFLAGS'. When using a per-target compilation flag, Automake will choose a different name for the intermediate object files. Ordinarily a file like 'sample.c' will be compiled to produce 'sample.o'. However, if the program's '_CFLAGS' variable is set, then the object file will be named, for instance, 'maude-sample.o'. (See also *note renamed objects::.) In compilations with per-target flags, the ordinary 'AM_' form of the flags variable is _not_ automatically included in the compilation (however, the user form of the variable _is_ included). So for instance, if you want the hypothetical 'maude' compilations to also use the value of 'AM_CFLAGS', you would need to write: maude_CFLAGS = ... your flags ... $(AM_CFLAGS) 'maude_SHORTNAME' On some platforms the allowable file names are very short. In order to support these systems and per-target compilation flags at the same time, Automake allows you to set a "short name" which will influence how intermediate object files are named. For instance, in the following example, bin_PROGRAMS = maude maude_CPPFLAGS = -DSOMEFLAG maude_SHORTNAME = m maude_SOURCES = sample.c ... the object file would be named 'm-sample.o' rather than 'maude-sample.o'. This facility is rarely needed in practice, and we recommend avoiding it until you find it is required. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) There are other, more obscure reasons reasons for this limitation as well. 8.5 Default '_SOURCES' ====================== '_SOURCES' variables are used to specify source files of programs (*note A Program::), libraries (*note A Library::), and Libtool libraries (*note A Shared Library::). When no such variable is specified for a target, Automake will define one itself. The default is to compile a single C file whose base name is the name of the target itself, with any extension replaced by '.c'. (Defaulting to C is terrible but we are stuck with it for historical reasons.) For example if you have the following somewhere in your 'Makefile.am' with no corresponding 'libfoo_a_SOURCES': lib_LIBRARIES = libfoo.a sub/libc++.a 'libfoo.a' will be built using a default source file named 'libfoo.c', and 'sub/libc++.a' will be built from 'sub/libc++.c'. (In older versions 'sub/libc++.a' would be built from 'sub_libc___a.c', i.e., the default source was the canonized name of the target, with '.c' appended. Be believe the new behavior is more sensible, but for backward compatibility automake will use the old name if a file or a rule with that name exist.) Default sources are mainly useful in test suites, when building many tests programs each from a single source. For instance in check_PROGRAMS = test1 test2 test3 'test1', 'test2', and 'test3' will be built from 'test1.c', 'test2.c', and 'test3.c'. Another case where is this convenient is building many Libtool modules ('moduleN.la'), each defined in its own file ('moduleN.c'). AM_LDFLAGS = -module lib_LTLIBRARIES = module1.la module2.la module3.la Finally, there is one situation where this default source computation needs to be avoided: when a target should not be built from sources. We already saw such an example in *note true::; this happens when all the constituents of a target have already been compiled and need just to be combined using a '_LDADD' variable. Then it is necessary to define an empty '_SOURCES' variable, so that automake does not compute a default. bin_PROGRAMS = target target_SOURCES = target_LDADD = libmain.a libmisc.a 8.6 Special handling for LIBOBJS and ALLOCA =========================================== Automake explicitly recognizes the use of '$(LIBOBJS)' and '$(ALLOCA)', and uses this information, plus the list of 'LIBOBJS' files derived from 'configure.ac' to automatically include the appropriate source files in the distribution (*note Dist::). These source files are also automatically handled in the dependency-tracking scheme; see *Note Dependencies::. '$(LIBOBJS)' and '$(ALLOCA)' are specially recognized in any '_LDADD' or '_LIBADD' variable. 8.7 Variables used when building a program ========================================== Occasionally it is useful to know which 'Makefile' variables Automake uses for compilations; for instance you might need to do your own compilation in some special cases. Some variables are inherited from Autoconf; these are 'CC', 'CFLAGS', 'CPPFLAGS', 'DEFS', 'LDFLAGS', and 'LIBS'. There are some additional variables which Automake itself defines: 'AM_CPPFLAGS' The contents of this variable are passed to every compilation which invokes the C preprocessor; it is a list of arguments to the preprocessor. For instance, '-I' and '-D' options should be listed here. Automake already provides some '-I' options automatically. In particular it generates '-I$(srcdir)', '-I.', and a '-I' pointing to the directory holding 'config.h' (if you've used 'AC_CONFIG_HEADERS' or 'AM_CONFIG_HEADER'). You can disable the default '-I' options using the 'nostdinc' option. 'AM_CPPFLAGS' is ignored in preference to a per-executable (or per-library) '_CPPFLAGS' variable if it is defined. 'INCLUDES' This does the same job as 'AM_CPPFLAGS' (or any per-target '_CPPFLAGS' variable if it is used). It is an older name for the same functionality. This variable is deprecated; we suggest using 'AM_CPPFLAGS' and per-target '_CPPFLAGS' instead. 'AM_CFLAGS' This is the variable which the 'Makefile.am' author can use to pass in additional C compiler flags. It is more fully documented elsewhere. In some situations, this is not used, in preference to the per-executable (or per-library) '_CFLAGS'. 'COMPILE' This is the command used to actually compile a C source file. The filename is appended to form the complete command line. 'AM_LDFLAGS' This is the variable which the 'Makefile.am' author can use to pass in additional linker flags. In some situations, this is not used, in preference to the per-executable (or per-library) '_LDFLAGS'. 'LINK' This is the command used to actually link a C program. It already includes '-o $@' and the usual variable references (for instance, 'CFLAGS'); it takes as "arguments" the names of the object files and libraries to link in. 8.8 Yacc and Lex support ======================== Automake has somewhat idiosyncratic support for Yacc and Lex. Automake assumes that the '.c' file generated by 'yacc' (or 'lex') should be named using the basename of the input file. That is, for a yacc source file 'foo.y', Automake will cause the intermediate file to be named 'foo.c' (as opposed to 'y.tab.c', which is more traditional). The extension of a yacc source file is used to determine the extension of the resulting 'C' or 'C++' file. Files with the extension '.y' will be turned into '.c' files; likewise, '.yy' will become '.cc'; '.y++', 'c++'; and '.yxx', '.cxx'. Likewise, lex source files can be used to generate 'C' or 'C++'; the extensions '.l', '.ll', '.l++', and '.lxx' are recognized. You should never explicitly mention the intermediate ('C' or 'C++') file in any 'SOURCES' variable; only list the source file. The intermediate files generated by 'yacc' (or 'lex') will be included in any distribution that is made. That way the user doesn't need to have 'yacc' or 'lex'. If a 'yacc' source file is seen, then your 'configure.ac' must define the variable 'YACC'. This is most easily done by invoking the macro 'AC_PROG_YACC' (*note Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs.). When 'yacc' is invoked, it is passed 'YFLAGS' and 'AM_YFLAGS'. The former is a user variable and the latter is intended for the 'Makefile.am' author. 'AM_YFLAGS' is usually used to pass the '-d' option to 'yacc'. Automake knows what this means and will automatically adjust its rules to update and distribute the header file built by 'yacc -d'. What Automake cannot guess, though, is where this header will be used: it is up to you to ensure the header gets built before it is first used. Typically this is necessary in order for dependency tracking to work when the header is included by another file. The common solution is listing the header file in 'BUILT_SOURCES' (*note Sources::) as follows. BUILT_SOURCES = parser.h AM_YFLAGS = -d bin_PROGRAMS = foo foo_SOURCES = ... parser.y ... If a 'lex' source file is seen, then your 'configure.ac' must define the variable 'LEX'. You can use 'AC_PROG_LEX' to do this (*note Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs.), but using 'AM_PROG_LEX' macro (*note Macros::) is recommended. When 'lex' is invoked, it is passed 'LFLAGS' and 'AM_LFLAGS'. The former is a user variable and the latter is intended for the 'Makefile.am' author. Automake makes it possible to include multiple 'yacc' (or 'lex') source files in a single program. When there is more than one distinct 'yacc' (or 'lex') source file in a directory, Automake uses a small program called 'ylwrap' to run 'yacc' (or 'lex') in a subdirectory. This is necessary because yacc's output filename is fixed, and a parallel make could conceivably invoke more than one instance of 'yacc' simultaneously. The 'ylwrap' program is distributed with Automake. It should appear in the directory specified by 'AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR' (*note Finding 'configure' Input: (autoconf)Input.), or the current directory if that macro is not used in 'configure.ac'. For 'yacc', simply managing locking is insufficient. The output of 'yacc' always uses the same symbol names internally, so it isn't possible to link two 'yacc' parsers into the same executable. We recommend using the following renaming hack used in 'gdb': #define yymaxdepth c_maxdepth #define yyparse c_parse #define yylex c_lex #define yyerror c_error #define yylval c_lval #define yychar c_char #define yydebug c_debug #define yypact c_pact #define yyr1 c_r1 #define yyr2 c_r2 #define yydef c_def #define yychk c_chk #define yypgo c_pgo #define yyact c_act #define yyexca c_exca #define yyerrflag c_errflag #define yynerrs c_nerrs #define yyps c_ps #define yypv c_pv #define yys c_s #define yy_yys c_yys #define yystate c_state #define yytmp c_tmp #define yyv c_v #define yy_yyv c_yyv #define yyval c_val #define yylloc c_lloc #define yyreds c_reds #define yytoks c_toks #define yylhs c_yylhs #define yylen c_yylen #define yydefred c_yydefred #define yydgoto c_yydgoto #define yysindex c_yysindex #define yyrindex c_yyrindex #define yygindex c_yygindex #define yytable c_yytable #define yycheck c_yycheck #define yyname c_yyname #define yyrule c_yyrule For each define, replace the 'c_' prefix with whatever you like. These defines work for 'bison', 'byacc', and traditional 'yacc's. If you find a parser generator that uses a symbol not covered here, please report the new name so it can be added to the list. 8.9 C++ Support =============== Automake includes full support for C++. Any package including C++ code must define the output variable 'CXX' in 'configure.ac'; the simplest way to do this is to use the 'AC_PROG_CXX' macro (*note Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs.). A few additional variables are defined when a C++ source file is seen: 'CXX' The name of the C++ compiler. 'CXXFLAGS' Any flags to pass to the C++ compiler. 'AM_CXXFLAGS' The maintainer's variant of 'CXXFLAGS'. 'CXXCOMPILE' The command used to actually compile a C++ source file. The file name is appended to form the complete command line. 'CXXLINK' The command used to actually link a C++ program. 8.10 Assembly Support ===================== Automake includes some support for assembly code. The variable 'CCAS' holds the name of the compiler used to build assembly code. This compiler must work a bit like a C compiler; in particular it must accept '-c' and '-o'. The value of 'CCASFLAGS' is passed to the compilation. You are required to set 'CCAS' and 'CCASFLAGS' via 'configure.ac'. The autoconf macro 'AM_PROG_AS' will do this for you. Unless they are already set, it simply sets 'CCAS' to the C compiler and 'CCASFLAGS' to the C compiler flags. Only the suffixes '.s' and '.S' are recognized by 'automake' as being files containing assembly code. 8.11 Fortran 77 Support ======================= Automake includes full support for Fortran 77. Any package including Fortran 77 code must define the output variable 'F77' in 'configure.ac'; the simplest way to do this is to use the 'AC_PROG_F77' macro (*note Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs.). A few additional variables are defined when a Fortran 77 source file is seen: 'F77' The name of the Fortran 77 compiler. 'FFLAGS' Any flags to pass to the Fortran 77 compiler. 'AM_FFLAGS' The maintainer's variant of 'FFLAGS'. 'RFLAGS' Any flags to pass to the Ratfor compiler. 'AM_RFLAGS' The maintainer's variant of 'RFLAGS'. 'F77COMPILE' The command used to actually compile a Fortran 77 source file. The file name is appended to form the complete command line. 'FLINK' The command used to actually link a pure Fortran 77 program or shared library. Automake can handle preprocessing Fortran 77 and Ratfor source files in addition to compiling them(1). Automake also contains some support for creating programs and shared libraries that are a mixture of Fortran 77 and other languages (*note Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++::). These issues are covered in the following sections. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Much, if not most, of the information in the following sections pertaining to preprocessing Fortran 77 programs was taken almost verbatim from *note Catalogue of Rules: (make)Catalogue of Rules. 8.11.1 Preprocessing Fortran 77 ------------------------------- 'N.f' is made automatically from 'N.F' or 'N.r'. This rule runs just the preprocessor to convert a preprocessable Fortran 77 or Ratfor source file into a strict Fortran 77 source file. The precise command used is as follows: '.F' '$(F77) -F $(DEFS) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS)' '.r' '$(F77) -F $(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS) $(AM_RFLAGS) $(RFLAGS)' 8.11.2 Compiling Fortran 77 Files --------------------------------- 'N.o' is made automatically from 'N.f', 'N.F' or 'N.r' by running the Fortran 77 compiler. The precise command used is as follows: '.f' '$(F77) -c $(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS)' '.F' '$(F77) -c $(DEFS) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS)' '.r' '$(F77) -c $(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS) $(AM_RFLAGS) $(RFLAGS)' 8.11.3 Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++ --------------------------------------- Automake currently provides _limited_ support for creating programs and shared libraries that are a mixture of Fortran 77 and C and/or C++. However, there are many other issues related to mixing Fortran 77 with other languages that are _not_ (currently) handled by Automake, but that are handled by other packages(1). Automake can help in two ways: 1. Automatic selection of the linker depending on which combinations of source code. 2. Automatic selection of the appropriate linker flags (e.g. '-L' and '-l') to pass to the automatically selected linker in order to link in the appropriate Fortran 77 intrinsic and run-time libraries. These extra Fortran 77 linker flags are supplied in the output variable 'FLIBS' by the 'AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS' Autoconf macro supplied with newer versions of Autoconf (Autoconf version 2.13 and later). *Note (autoconf)Fortran 77 Compiler Characteristics::. If Automake detects that a program or shared library (as mentioned in some '_PROGRAMS' or '_LTLIBRARIES' primary) contains source code that is a mixture of Fortran 77 and C and/or C++, then it requires that the macro 'AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS' be called in 'configure.ac', and that either '$(FLIBS)' appear in the appropriate '_LDADD' (for programs) or '_LIBADD' (for shared libraries) variables. It is the responsibility of the person writing the 'Makefile.am' to make sure that '$(FLIBS)' appears in the appropriate '_LDADD' or '_LIBADD' variable. For example, consider the following 'Makefile.am': bin_PROGRAMS = foo foo_SOURCES = main.cc foo.f foo_LDADD = libfoo.la $(FLIBS) pkglib_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la libfoo_la_SOURCES = bar.f baz.c zardoz.cc libfoo_la_LIBADD = $(FLIBS) In this case, Automake will insist that 'AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS' is mentioned in 'configure.ac'. Also, if '$(FLIBS)' hadn't been mentioned in 'foo_LDADD' and 'libfoo_la_LIBADD', then Automake would have issued a warning. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) For example, the cfortran package (http://www-zeus.desy.de/~burow/cfortran/) addresses all of these inter-language issues, and runs under nearly all Fortran 77, C and C++ compilers on nearly all platforms. However, 'cfortran' is not yet Free Software, but it will be in the next major release. 8.11.3.1 How the Linker is Chosen ................................. The following diagram demonstrates under what conditions a particular linker is chosen by Automake. For example, if Fortran 77, C and C++ source code were to be compiled into a program, then the C++ linker will be used. In this case, if the C or Fortran 77 linkers required any special libraries that weren't included by the C++ linker, then they must be manually added to an '_LDADD' or '_LIBADD' variable by the user writing the 'Makefile.am'. \ Linker source \ code \ C C++ Fortran ----------------- +---------+---------+---------+ | | | | C | x | | | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+ | | | | C++ | | x | | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+ | | | | Fortran | | | x | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+ | | | | C + C++ | | x | | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+ | | | | C + Fortran | | | x | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+ | | | | C++ + Fortran | | x | | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+ | | | | C + C++ + Fortran | | x | | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+ 8.12 Java Support ================= Automake includes support for compiled Java, using 'gcj', the Java front end to the GNU Compiler Collection. Any package including Java code to be compiled must define the output variable 'GCJ' in 'configure.ac'; the variable 'GCJFLAGS' must also be defined somehow (either in 'configure.ac' or 'Makefile.am'). The simplest way to do this is to use the 'AM_PROG_GCJ' macro. By default, programs including Java source files are linked with 'gcj'. As always, the contents of 'AM_GCJFLAGS' are passed to every compilation invoking 'gcj' (in its role as an ahead-of-time compiler - when invoking it to create '.class' files, 'AM_JAVACFLAGS' is used instead). If it is necessary to pass options to 'gcj' from 'Makefile.am', this variable, and not the user variable 'GCJFLAGS', should be used. 'gcj' can be used to compile '.java', '.class', '.zip', or '.jar' files. When linking, 'gcj' requires that the main class be specified using the '--main=' option. The easiest way to do this is to use the '_LDFLAGS' variable for the program. 8.13 Support for Other Languages ================================ Automake currently only includes full support for C, C++ (*note C++ Support::), Fortran 77 (*note Fortran 77 Support::), and Java (*note Java Support::). There is only rudimentary support for other languages, support for which will be improved based on user demand. Some limited support for adding your own languages is available via the suffix rule handling; see *note Suffixes::. 8.14 Automatic de-ANSI-fication =============================== Although the GNU standards allow the use of ANSI C, this can have the effect of limiting portability of a package to some older compilers (notably the SunOS C compiler). Automake allows you to work around this problem on such machines by "de-ANSI-fying" each source file before the actual compilation takes place. If the 'Makefile.am' variable 'AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS' (*note Options::) contains the option 'ansi2knr' then code to handle de-ANSI-fication is inserted into the generated 'Makefile.in'. This causes each C source file in the directory to be treated as ANSI C. If an ANSI C compiler is available, it is used. If no ANSI C compiler is available, the 'ansi2knr' program is used to convert the source files into K&R C, which is then compiled. The 'ansi2knr' program is simple-minded. It assumes the source code will be formatted in a particular way; see the 'ansi2knr' man page for details. Support for de-ANSI-fication requires the source files 'ansi2knr.c' and 'ansi2knr.1' to be in the same package as the ANSI C source; these files are distributed with Automake. Also, the package 'configure.ac' must call the macro 'AM_C_PROTOTYPES' (*note Macros::). Automake also handles finding the 'ansi2knr' support files in some other directory in the current package. This is done by prepending the relative path to the appropriate directory to the 'ansi2knr' option. For instance, suppose the package has ANSI C code in the 'src' and 'lib' subdirectories. The files 'ansi2knr.c' and 'ansi2knr.1' appear in 'lib'. Then this could appear in 'src/Makefile.am': AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = ../lib/ansi2knr If no directory prefix is given, the files are assumed to be in the current directory. Note that automatic de-ANSI-fication will not work when the package is being built for a different host architecture. That is because automake currently has no way to build 'ansi2knr' for the build machine. Using 'LIBOBJS' with source de-ANSI-fication used to require hand-crafted code in 'configure' to append '$U' to basenames in 'LIBOBJS'. This is no longer true today. Starting with version 2.54, Autoconf takes care of rewriting 'LIBOBJS' and 'LTLIBOBJS'. (*note 'AC_LIBOBJ' vs. 'LIBOBJS': (autoconf)AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS.) 8.15 Automatic dependency tracking ================================== As a developer it is often painful to continually update the 'Makefile.in' whenever the include-file dependencies change in a project. Automake supplies a way to automatically track dependency changes. Automake always uses complete dependencies for a compilation, including system headers. Automake's model is that dependency computation should be a side effect of the build. To this end, dependencies are computed by running all compilations through a special wrapper program called 'depcomp'. 'depcomp' understands how to coax many different C and C++ compilers into generating dependency information in the format it requires. 'automake -a' will install 'depcomp' into your source tree for you. If 'depcomp' can't figure out how to properly invoke your compiler, dependency tracking will simply be disabled for your build. Experience with earlier versions of Automake (1) taught us that it is not reliable to generate dependencies only on the maintainer's system, as configurations vary too much. So instead Automake implements dependency tracking at build time. Automatic dependency tracking can be suppressed by putting 'no-dependencies' in the variable 'AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS', or passing 'no-dependencies' as an argument to 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' (this should be the preferred way). Or, you can invoke 'automake' with the '-i' option. Dependency tracking is enabled by default. The person building your package also can choose to disable dependency tracking by configuring with '--disable-dependency-tracking'. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) See for more information on the history and experiences with automatic dependency tracking in Automake 8.16 Support for executable extensions ====================================== On some platforms, such as Windows, executables are expected to have an extension such as '.exe'. On these platforms, some compilers (GCC among them) will automatically generate 'foo.exe' when asked to generate 'foo'. Automake provides mostly-transparent support for this. Unfortunately _mostly_ doesn't yet mean _fully_. Until the English dictionary is revised, you will have to assist Automake if your package must support those platforms. One thing you must be aware of is that, internally, Automake rewrites something like this: bin_PROGRAMS = liver to this: bin_PROGRAMS = liver$(EXEEXT) The targets Automake generates are likewise given the '$(EXEEXT)' extension. 'EXEEXT' However, Automake cannot apply this rewriting to 'configure' substitutions. This means that if you are conditionally building a program using such a substitution, then your 'configure.ac' must take care to add '$(EXEEXT)' when constructing the output variable. With Autoconf 2.13 and earlier, you must explicitly use 'AC_EXEEXT' to get this support. With Autoconf 2.50, 'AC_EXEEXT' is run automatically if you configure a compiler (say, through 'AC_PROG_CC'). Sometimes maintainers like to write an explicit link rule for their program. Without executable extension support, this is easy--you simply write a rule whose target is the name of the program. However, when executable extension support is enabled, you must instead add the '$(EXEEXT)' suffix. Unfortunately, due to the change in Autoconf 2.50, this means you must always add this extension. However, this is a problem for maintainers who know their package will never run on a platform that has executable extensions. For those maintainers, the 'no-exeext' option (*note Options::) will disable this feature. This works in a fairly ugly way; if 'no-exeext' is seen, then the presence of a rule for a target named 'foo' in 'Makefile.am' will override an automake-generated rule for 'foo$(EXEEXT)'. Without the 'no-exeext' option, this use will give a diagnostic. 9 Other Derived Objects *********************** Automake can handle derived objects which are not C programs. Sometimes the support for actually building such objects must be explicitly supplied, but Automake will still automatically handle installation and distribution. 9.1 Executable Scripts ====================== It is possible to define and install programs which are scripts. Such programs are listed using the 'SCRIPTS' primary name. Automake doesn't define any dependencies for scripts; the 'Makefile.am' should include the appropriate rules. Automake does not assume that scripts are derived objects; such objects must be deleted by hand (*note Clean::). The 'automake' program itself is a Perl script that is generated from 'automake.in'. Here is how this is handled: bin_SCRIPTS = automake CLEANFILES = $(bin_SCRIPTS) do_subst = sed -e 's,[@]datadir[@],$(datadir),g' \ -e 's,[@]PERL[@],$(PERL),g' \ -e 's,[@]PACKAGE[@],$(PACKAGE),g' \ -e 's,[@]VERSION[@],$(VERSION),g' \ ... automake: automake.in Makefile $(do_subst) < $(srcdir)/automake.in > automake chmod +x automake Because--as we have just seen--scripts can be built, they are not distributed by default. Scripts that should be distributed can be specified using a 'dist_' prefix as in other primaries. For instance the following 'Makefile.am' declares that 'my_script' should be distributed and installed in '$(sbindir)'. dist_sbin_SCRIPTS = my_script Script objects can be installed in 'bindir', 'sbindir', 'libexecdir', or 'pkgdatadir'. Scripts that need not being installed can be listed in 'noinst_SCRIPTS', and among them, those which are needed only by 'make check' should go in 'check_SCRIPTS'. 9.2 Header files ================ Header files are specified by the 'HEADERS' family of variables. Generally header files are not installed, so the 'noinst_HEADERS' variable will be the most used. (1) All header files must be listed somewhere; missing ones will not appear in the distribution. Often it is clearest to list uninstalled headers with the rest of the sources for a program. *Note A Program::. Headers listed in a '_SOURCES' variable need not be listed in any '_HEADERS' variable. Headers can be installed in 'includedir', 'oldincludedir', or 'pkgincludedir'. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) However, for the case of a non-installed header file that is actually used by a particular program, we recommend listing it in the program's '_SOURCES' variable instead of in 'noinst_HEADERS'. We believe this is more clear. 9.3 Architecture-independent data files ======================================= Automake supports the installation of miscellaneous data files using the 'DATA' family of variables. Such data can be installed in the directories 'datadir', 'sysconfdir', 'sharedstatedir', 'localstatedir', or 'pkgdatadir'. By default, data files are _not_ included in a distribution. Of course, you can use the 'dist_' prefix to change this on a per-variable basis. Here is how Automake declares its auxiliary data files: dist_pkgdata_DATA = clean-kr.am clean.am ... 9.4 Built sources ================= Because Automake's automatic dependency tracking works as a side-effect of compilation (*note Dependencies::) there is a bootstrap issue: a target should not be compiled before its dependencies are made, but these dependencies are unknown until the target is first compiled. Ordinarily this is not a problem, because dependencies are distributed sources: they preexist and do not need to be built. Suppose that 'foo.c' includes 'foo.h'. When it first compiles 'foo.o', 'make' only knows that 'foo.o' depends on 'foo.c'. As a side-effect of this compilation 'depcomp' records the 'foo.h' dependency so that following invocations of 'make' will honor it. In these conditions, it's clear there is no problem: either 'foo.o' doesn't exist and has to be built (regardless of the dependencies), either accurate dependencies exist and they can be used to decide whether 'foo.o' should be rebuilt. It's a different story if 'foo.h' doesn't exist by the first 'make' run. For instance there might be a rule to build 'foo.h'. This time 'file.o''s build will fail because the compiler can't find 'foo.h'. 'make' failed to trigger the rule to build 'foo.h' first by lack of dependency information. The 'BUILT_SOURCES' variable is a workaround for this problem. A source file listed in 'BUILT_SOURCES' is made on 'make all' or 'make check' (or even 'make install') before other targets are processed. However, such a source file is not _compiled_ unless explicitly requested by mentioning it in some other '_SOURCES' variable. So, to conclude our introductory example, we could use 'BUILT_SOURCES = foo.h' to ensure 'foo.h' gets built before any other target (including 'foo.o') during 'make all' or 'make check'. 'BUILT_SOURCES' is actually a bit of a misnomer, as any file which must be created early in the build process can be listed in this variable. Moreover, all built sources do not necessarily have to be listed in 'BUILT_SOURCES'. For instance a generated '.c' file doesn't need to appear in 'BUILT_SOURCES' (unless it is included by another source), because it's a known dependency of the associated object. It might be important to emphasize that 'BUILT_SOURCES' is honored only by 'make all', 'make check' and 'make install'. This means you cannot build a specific target (e.g., 'make foo') in a clean tree if it depends on a built source. However it will succeed if you have run 'make all' earlier, because accurate dependencies are already available. The next section illustrates and discusses the handling of built sources on a toy example. 9.4.1 Built sources example --------------------------- Suppose that 'foo.c' includes 'bindir.h', which is installation-dependent and not distributed: it needs to be built. Here 'bindir.h' defines the preprocessor macro 'bindir' to the value of the 'make' variable 'bindir' (inherited from 'configure'). We suggest several implementations below. It's not meant to be an exhaustive listing of all ways to handle built sources, but it will give you a few ideas if you encounter this issue. First try --------- This first implementation will illustrate the bootstrap issue mentioned in the previous section (*note Sources::). Here is a tentative 'Makefile.am'. # This won't work. bin_PROGRAMS = foo foo_SOURCES = foo.c nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.h CLEANFILES = bindir.h bindir.h: Makefile echo '#define bindir "$(bindir)"' >$@ This setup doesn't work, because Automake doesn't know that 'foo.c' includes 'bindir.h'. Remember, automatic dependency tracking works as a side-effect of compilation, so the dependencies of 'foo.o' will be known only after 'foo.o' has been compiled (*note Dependencies::). The symptom is as follows. % make source='foo.c' object='foo.o' libtool=no \ depfile='.deps/foo.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/foo.TPo' \ depmode=gcc /bin/sh ./depcomp \ gcc -I. -I. -g -O2 -c `test -f 'foo.c' || echo './'`foo.c foo.c:2: bindir.h: No such file or directory make: *** [foo.o] Error 1 Using 'BUILT_SOURCES' --------------------- A solution is to require 'bindir.h' to be built before anything else. This is what 'BUILT_SOURCES' is meant for (*note Sources::). bin_PROGRAMS = foo foo_SOURCES = foo.c BUILT_SOURCES = bindir.h CLEANFILES = bindir.h bindir.h: Makefile echo '#define bindir "$(bindir)"' >$@ See how 'bindir.h' get built first: % make echo '#define bindir "/usr/local/bin"' >bindir.h make all-am make[1]: Entering directory `/home/adl/tmp' source='foo.c' object='foo.o' libtool=no \ depfile='.deps/foo.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/foo.TPo' \ depmode=gcc /bin/sh ./depcomp \ gcc -I. -I. -g -O2 -c `test -f 'foo.c' || echo './'`foo.c gcc -g -O2 -o foo foo.o make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/adl/tmp' However, as said earlier, 'BUILT_SOURCES' applies only to the 'all', 'check', and 'install' targets. It still fails if you try to run 'make foo' explicitly: % make clean test -z "bindir.h" || rm -f bindir.h test -z "foo" || rm -f foo rm -f *.o % : > .deps/foo.Po # Suppress previously recorded dependencies % make foo source='foo.c' object='foo.o' libtool=no \ depfile='.deps/foo.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/foo.TPo' \ depmode=gcc /bin/sh ./depcomp \ gcc -I. -I. -g -O2 -c `test -f 'foo.c' || echo './'`foo.c foo.c:2: bindir.h: No such file or directory make: *** [foo.o] Error 1 Recording dependencies manually ------------------------------- Usually people are happy enough with 'BUILT_SOURCES' because they never build targets such as 'make foo' before 'make all', as in the previous example. However if this matters to you, you can avoid 'BUILT_SOURCES' and record such dependencies explicitly in the 'Makefile.am'. bin_PROGRAMS = foo foo_SOURCES = foo.c foo.$(OBJEXT): bindir.h CLEANFILES = bindir.h bindir.h: Makefile echo '#define bindir "$(bindir)"' >$@ You don't have to list _all_ the dependencies of 'foo.o' explicitly, only those which might need to be built. If a dependency already exists, it will not hinder the first compilation and will be recorded by the normal dependency tracking code. (Note that after this first compilation the dependency tracking code will also have recorded the dependency between 'foo.o' and 'bindir.h'; so our explicit dependency is really useful to the first build only.) Adding explicit dependencies like this can be a bit dangerous if you are not careful enough. This is due to the way Automake tries not to overwrite your rules (it assumes you know better than it). 'foo.$(OBJEXT): bindir.h' supersedes any rule Automake may want to output to build 'foo.$(OBJEXT)'. It happens to work in this case because Automake doesn't have to output any 'foo.$(OBJEXT):' target: it relies on a suffix rule instead (i.e., '.c.$(OBJEXT):'). Always check the generated 'Makefile.in' if you do this. Build 'bindir.h' from 'configure' --------------------------------- It's possible to define this preprocessor macro from 'configure', either in 'config.h' (*note Defining Directories: (autoconf)Defining Directories.), or by processing a 'bindir.h.in' file using 'AC_CONFIG_FILES' (*note Configuration Actions: (autoconf)Configuration Actions.). At this point it should be clear that building 'bindir.h' from 'configure' work well for this example. 'bindir.h' will exist before you build any target, hence will not cause any dependency issue. The Makefile can be shrunk as follows. We do not even have to mention 'bindir.h'. bin_PROGRAMS = foo foo_SOURCES = foo.c However, it's not always possible to build sources from 'configure', especially when these sources are generated by a tool that needs to be built first... Build 'bindir.c', not 'bindir.h'. --------------------------------- Another attractive idea is to define 'bindir' as a variable or function exported from 'bindir.o', and build 'bindir.c' instead of 'bindir.h'. noinst_PROGRAMS = foo foo_SOURCES = foo.c bindir.h nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.c CLEANFILES = bindir.c bindir.c: Makefile echo 'const char bindir[] = "$(bindir)";' >$ 'bindir.h' contains just the variable's declaration and doesn't need to be built, so it won't cause any trouble. 'bindir.o' is always dependent on 'bindir.c', so 'bindir.c' will get built first. Which is best? -------------- There is no panacea, of course. Each solution has its merits and drawbacks. You cannot use 'BUILT_SOURCES' if the ability to run 'make foo' on a clean tree is important to you. You won't add explicit dependencies if you are leery of overriding an Automake rule by mistake. Building files from './configure' is not always possible, neither is converting '.h' files into '.c' files. 10 Other GNU Tools ****************** Since Automake is primarily intended to generate 'Makefile.in's for use in GNU programs, it tries hard to interoperate with other GNU tools. 10.1 Emacs Lisp =============== Automake provides some support for Emacs Lisp. The 'LISP' primary is used to hold a list of '.el' files. Possible prefixes for this primary are 'lisp_' and 'noinst_'. Note that if 'lisp_LISP' is defined, then 'configure.ac' must run 'AM_PATH_LISPDIR' (*note Macros::). Automake will byte-compile all Emacs Lisp source files using the Emacs found by 'AM_PATH_LISPDIR', if any was found. Byte-compiled Emacs Lisp files are not portable among all versions of Emacs, so it makes sense to turn this off if you expect sites to have more than one version of Emacs installed. Furthermore, many packages don't actually benefit from byte-compilation. Still, we recommend that you byte-compile your Emacs Lisp sources. It is probably better for sites with strange setups to cope for themselves than to make the installation less nice for everybody else. There are two ways to avoid byte-compiling. Historically, we have recommended the following construct. lisp_LISP = file1.el file2.el ELCFILES = 'ELCFILES' is an internal Automake variables that normally lists all '.elc' files that must be byte-compiled. Automake defines 'ELCFILES' automatically from 'lisp_LISP'. Emptying this variables explicitly prevents byte-compilation to occur. Since Automake 1.8, we now recommend using 'lisp_DATA' instead. As in lisp_DATA = file1.el file2.el Note that these two constructs are not equivalent. '_LISP' will not install a file if Emacs is not installed, while '_DATA' will always install its files. 10.2 Gettext ============ If 'AM_GNU_GETTEXT' is seen in 'configure.ac', then Automake turns on support for GNU gettext, a message catalog system for internationalization (*note (gettext)GNU Gettext::). The 'gettext' support in Automake requires the addition of two subdirectories to the package, 'intl' and 'po'. Automake insures that these directories exist and are mentioned in 'SUBDIRS'. Lisp sources are not distributed by default. You can prefix the 'LISP' primary with 'dist_', as in 'dist_lisp_LISP' or 'dist_noinst_LISP', to indicate that these files should be distributed. 10.3 Libtool ============ Automake provides support for GNU Libtool (*note Introduction: (libtool)Top.) with the 'LTLIBRARIES' primary. *Note A Shared Library::. 10.4 Java ========= Automake provides some minimal support for Java compilation with the 'JAVA' primary. Any '.java' files listed in a '_JAVA' variable will be compiled with 'JAVAC' at build time. By default, '.class' files are not included in the distribution. Currently Automake enforces the restriction that only one '_JAVA' primary can be used in a given 'Makefile.am'. The reason for this restriction is that, in general, it isn't possible to know which '.class' files were generated from which '.java' files - so it would be impossible to know which files to install where. For instance, a '.java' file can define multiple classes; the resulting '.class' file names cannot be predicted without parsing the '.java' file. There are a few variables which are used when compiling Java sources: 'JAVAC' The name of the Java compiler. This defaults to 'javac'. 'JAVACFLAGS' The flags to pass to the compiler. This is considered to be a user variable (*note User Variables::). 'AM_JAVACFLAGS' More flags to pass to the Java compiler. This, and not 'JAVACFLAGS', should be used when it is necessary to put Java compiler flags into 'Makefile.am'. 'JAVAROOT' The value of this variable is passed to the '-d' option to 'javac'. It defaults to '$(top_builddir)'. 'CLASSPATH_ENV' This variable is an 'sh' expression which is used to set the 'CLASSPATH' environment variable on the 'javac' command line. (In the future we will probably handle class path setting differently.) 10.5 Python =========== Automake provides support for Python compilation with the 'PYTHON' primary. Any files listed in a '_PYTHON' variable will be byte-compiled with 'py-compile' at install time. 'py-compile' actually creates both standard ('.pyc') and byte-compiled ('.pyo') versions of the source files. Note that because byte-compilation occurs at install time, any files listed in 'noinst_PYTHON' will not be compiled. Python source files are included in the distribution by default. Automake ships with an Autoconf macro called 'AM_PATH_PYTHON' which will determine some Python-related directory variables (see below). If you have called 'AM_PATH_PYTHON' from 'configure.ac', then you may use the following variables to list you Python source files in your variables: 'python_PYTHON', 'pkgpython_PYTHON', 'pyexecdir_PYTHON', 'pkgpyexecdir_PYTHON', depending where you want your files installed. 'AM_PATH_PYTHON([VERSION], [ACTION-IF-FOUND], [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND])' takes three optional arguments. It will search a Python interpreter on the system. The first argument, if present, is the minimum version of Python required for this package: 'AM_PATH_PYTHON' will skip any Python interpreter which is older than VERSION. If an interpreter is found and satisfies VERSION, then ACTION-IF-FOUND is run. Otherwise, ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND is run. If ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND is not specified, the default is to abort configure. This is fine when Python is an absolute requirement for the package. Therefore if Python >= 2.2 is only _optional_ to the package, 'AM_PATH_PYTHON' could be called as follows. AM_PATH_PYTHON(2.2,, :) 'AM_PATH_PYTHON' creates several output variables based on the Python installation found during configuration. 'PYTHON' The name of the Python executable, or ':' if no suitable interpreter could be found. Assuming ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND is used (otherwise './configure' will abort if Python is absent), the value of 'PYTHON' can be used to setup a conditional in order to disable the relevant part of a build as follows. AM_PATH_PYTHON(,, :) AM_CONDITIONAL([HAVE_PYTHON], [test "$PYTHON" != :]) If the ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND is specified 'PYTHON_VERSION' The Python version number, in the form MAJOR.MINOR (e.g. '1.5'). This is currently the value of 'sys.version[:3]'. 'PYTHON_PREFIX' The string '${prefix}'. This term may be used in future work which needs the contents of Python's 'sys.prefix', but general consensus is to always use the value from configure. 'PYTHON_EXEC_PREFIX' The string '${exec_prefix}'. This term may be used in future work which needs the contents of Python's 'sys.exec_prefix', but general consensus is to always use the value from configure. 'PYTHON_PLATFORM' The canonical name used by Python to describe the operating system, as given by 'sys.platform'. This value is sometimes needed when building Python extensions. 'pythondir' The directory name for the 'site-packages' subdirectory of the standard Python install tree. 'pkgpythondir' This is is the directory under 'pythondir' which is named after the package. That is, it is '$(pythondir)/$(PACKAGE)'. It is provided as a convenience. 'pyexecdir' This is the directory where Python extension modules (shared libraries) should be installed. 'pkgpyexecdir' This is a convenience variable which is defined as '$(pyexecdir)/$(PACKAGE)'. All these directory variables have values that start with either '${prefix}' or '${exec_prefix}' unexpanded. This works fine in 'Makefiles', but it makes these variables hard to use in 'configure'. This is mandated by the GNU coding standards, so that the user can run 'make prefix=/foo install'. The Autoconf manual has a section with more details on this topic (*note Installation Directory Variables: (autoconf)Installation Directory Variables.). 11 Building documentation ************************* Currently Automake provides support for Texinfo and man pages. 11.1 Texinfo ============ If the current directory contains Texinfo source, you must declare it with the 'TEXINFOS' primary. Generally Texinfo files are converted into info, and thus the 'info_TEXINFOS' variable is most commonly used here. Any Texinfo source file must end in the '.texi', '.txi', or '.texinfo' extension. We recommend '.texi' for new manuals. Automake generates rules to build '.info', '.dvi', '.ps', '.pdf' and '.html' files from your Texinfo sources. The '.info' files are built by 'make all' and installed by 'make install' (unless you use 'no-installinfo', see below). The other files can be built on request by 'make dvi', 'make ps', 'make pdf' and 'make html'. If the '.texi' file '@include's 'version.texi', then that file will be automatically generated. The file 'version.texi' defines four Texinfo flag you can reference using '@value{EDITION}', '@value{VERSION}', '@value{UPDATED}', and '@value{UPDATED-MONTH}'. 'EDITION' 'VERSION' Both of these flags hold the version number of your program. They are kept separate for clarity. 'UPDATED' This holds the date the primary '.texi' file was last modified. 'UPDATED-MONTH' This holds the name of the month in which the primary '.texi' file was last modified. The 'version.texi' support requires the 'mdate-sh' program; this program is supplied with Automake and automatically included when 'automake' is invoked with the '--add-missing' option. If you have multiple Texinfo files, and you want to use the 'version.texi' feature, then you have to have a separate version file for each Texinfo file. Automake will treat any include in a Texinfo file that matches 'vers*.texi' just as an automatically generated version file. Sometimes an info file actually depends on more than one '.texi' file. For instance, in GNU Hello, 'hello.texi' includes the file 'gpl.texi'. You can tell Automake about these dependencies using the 'TEXI_TEXINFOS' variable. Here is how GNU Hello does it: info_TEXINFOS = hello.texi hello_TEXINFOS = gpl.texi By default, Automake requires the file 'texinfo.tex' to appear in the same directory as the Texinfo source (this can be changed using the 'TEXINFO_TEX' variable, see below). However, if you used 'AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR' in 'configure.ac' (*note Finding 'configure' Input: (autoconf)Input.), then 'texinfo.tex' is looked for there. Automake supplies 'texinfo.tex' if '--add-missing' is given. The option 'no-texinfo.tex' can be used to eliminate the requirement for 'texinfo.tex'. Use of the variable 'TEXINFO_TEX' is preferable, however, because that allows the 'dvi', 'ps', and 'pdf' targets to still work. Automake generates an 'install-info' rule; some people apparently use this. By default, info pages are installed by 'make install'. This can be prevented via the 'no-installinfo' option. The following variables are used by the Texinfo build rules. 'MAKEINFO' The name of the program invoked to build '.info' files. This variable is defined by Automake. If the 'makeinfo' program is found on the system then it will be used by default; otherwise 'missing' will be used instead. 'MAKEINFOHTML' The command invoked to build '.html' files. Automake defines this to '$(MAKEINFO) --html'. 'MAKEINFOFLAGS' User flags passed to each invocation of '$(MAKEINFO)' and '$(MAKEINFOHTML)'. This user variable (*note User Variables::) is not expected to be defined in any 'Makefile'; it can be used by users to pass extra flags to suit their needs. 'AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS' 'AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS' Maintainer flags passed to each 'makeinfo' invocation. These are maintainer variables that can be overridden in 'Makefile.am'. '$(AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS)' is passed to 'makeinfo' when building '.info' files; and '$(AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS)' is used when building '.html' files. For instance the following setting can be used to obtain one single '.html' file per manual, without node separators. AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS = --no-headers --no-split By default, '$(AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS)' is set to '$(AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS)'. This means that defining '$(AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS)' without defining '$(AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS)' will impact builds of both '.info' and '.html' files. 'TEXI2DVI' The name of the command that converts a '.texi' file into a '.dvi' file. This defaults to 'texi2dvi', a script that ships with the Texinfo package. 'TEXI2PDF' The name of the command that translates a '.texi' file into a '.pdf' file. This defaults to '$(TEXI2DVI) --pdf --batch'. 'DVIPS' The name of the command that build a '.ps' file out of a '.dvi' file. This defaults to 'dvips'. 'TEXINFO_TEX' If your package has Texinfo files in many directories, you can use the variable 'TEXINFO_TEX' to tell Automake where to find the canonical 'texinfo.tex' for your package. The value of this variable should be the relative path from the current 'Makefile.am' to 'texinfo.tex': TEXINFO_TEX = ../doc/texinfo.tex 11.2 Man pages ============== A package can also include man pages (but see the GNU standards on this matter, *note (standards)Man Pages::.) Man pages are declared using the 'MANS' primary. Generally the 'man_MANS' variable is used. Man pages are automatically installed in the correct subdirectory of 'mandir', based on the file extension. File extensions such as '.1c' are handled by looking for the valid part of the extension and using that to determine the correct subdirectory of 'mandir'. Valid section names are the digits '0' through '9', and the letters 'l' and 'n'. Sometimes developers prefer to name a man page something like 'foo.man' in the source, and then rename it to have the correct suffix, e.g. 'foo.1', when installing the file. Automake also supports this mode. For a valid section named SECTION, there is a corresponding directory named 'manSECTIONdir', and a corresponding '_MANS' variable. Files listed in such a variable are installed in the indicated section. If the file already has a valid suffix, then it is installed as-is; otherwise the file suffix is changed to match the section. For instance, consider this example: man1_MANS = rename.man thesame.1 alsothesame.1c In this case, 'rename.man' will be renamed to 'rename.1' when installed, but the other files will keep their names. By default, man pages are installed by 'make install'. However, since the GNU project does not require man pages, many maintainers do not expend effort to keep the man pages up to date. In these cases, the 'no-installman' option will prevent the man pages from being installed by default. The user can still explicitly install them via 'make install-man'. Here is how the man pages are handled in GNU 'cpio' (which includes both Texinfo documentation and man pages): man_MANS = cpio.1 mt.1 EXTRA_DIST = $(man_MANS) Man pages are not currently considered to be source, because it is not uncommon for man pages to be automatically generated. Therefore they are not automatically included in the distribution. However, this can be changed by use of the 'dist_' prefix. The 'nobase_' prefix is meaningless for man pages and is disallowed. 12 What Gets Installed ********************** 12.1 Basics of installation =========================== Naturally, Automake handles the details of actually installing your program once it has been built. All files named by the various primaries are automatically installed in the appropriate places when the user runs 'make install'. A file named in a primary is installed by copying the built file into the appropriate directory. The base name of the file is used when installing. bin_PROGRAMS = hello subdir/goodbye In this example, both 'hello' and 'goodbye' will be installed in '$(bindir)'. Sometimes it is useful to avoid the basename step at install time. For instance, you might have a number of header files in subdirectories of the source tree which are laid out precisely how you want to install them. In this situation you can use the 'nobase_' prefix to suppress the base name step. For example: nobase_include_HEADERS = stdio.h sys/types.h Will install 'stdio.h' in '$(includedir)' and 'types.h' in '$(includedir)/sys'. 12.2 The two parts of install ============================= Automake generates separate 'install-data' and 'install-exec' rules, in case the installer is installing on multiple machines which share directory structure--these targets allow the machine-independent parts to be installed only once. 'install-exec' installs platform-dependent files, and 'install-data' installs platform-independent files. The 'install' target depends on both of these targets. While Automake tries to automatically segregate objects into the correct category, the 'Makefile.am' author is, in the end, responsible for making sure this is done correctly. Variables using the standard directory prefixes 'data', 'info', 'man', 'include', 'oldinclude', 'pkgdata', or 'pkginclude' (e.g. 'data_DATA') are installed by 'install-data'. Variables using the standard directory prefixes 'bin', 'sbin', 'libexec', 'sysconf', 'localstate', 'lib', or 'pkglib' (e.g. 'bin_PROGRAMS') are installed by 'install-exec'. Any variable using a user-defined directory prefix with 'exec' in the name (e.g. 'myexecbin_PROGRAMS' is installed by 'install-exec'. All other user-defined prefixes are installed by 'install-data'. 12.3 Extending installation =========================== It is possible to extend this mechanism by defining an 'install-exec-local' or 'install-data-local' rule. If these rules exist, they will be run at 'make install' time. These rules can do almost anything; care is required. Automake also supports two install hooks, 'install-exec-hook' and 'install-data-hook'. These hooks are run after all other install rules of the appropriate type, exec or data, have completed. So, for instance, it is possible to perform post-installation modifications using an install hook. 12.4 Staged installs ==================== Automake generates support for the 'DESTDIR' variable in all install rules. 'DESTDIR' is used during the 'make install' step to relocate install objects into a staging area. Each object and path is prefixed with the value of 'DESTDIR' before being copied into the install area. Here is an example of typical DESTDIR usage: make DESTDIR=/tmp/staging install This places install objects in a directory tree built under '/tmp/staging'. If '/gnu/bin/foo' and '/gnu/share/aclocal/foo.m4' are to be installed, the above command would install '/tmp/staging/gnu/bin/foo' and '/tmp/staging/gnu/share/aclocal/foo.m4'. This feature is commonly used to build install images and packages. For more information, see *note (standards)Makefile Conventions::. Support for 'DESTDIR' is implemented by coding it directly into the install rules. If your 'Makefile.am' uses a local install rule (e.g., 'install-exec-local') or an install hook, then you must write that code to respect 'DESTDIR'. 12.5 Rules for the user ======================= Automake also generates rules for targets 'uninstall', 'installdirs', and 'install-strip'. Automake supports 'uninstall-local' and 'uninstall-hook'. There is no notion of separate uninstalls for "exec" and "data", as these features would not provide additional functionality. Note that 'uninstall' is not meant as a replacement for a real packaging tool. 13 What Gets Cleaned ******************** The GNU Makefile Standards specify a number of different clean rules. See *Note Standard Targets for Users: (standards)Standard Targets. Generally the files that can be cleaned are determined automatically by Automake. Of course, Automake also recognizes some variables that can be defined to specify additional files to clean. These variables are 'MOSTLYCLEANFILES', 'CLEANFILES', 'DISTCLEANFILES', and 'MAINTAINERCLEANFILES'. As the GNU Standards aren't always explicit as to which files should be removed by which rule, we've adopted a heuristic which we believe was first formulated by François Pinard: * If 'make' built it, and it is commonly something that one would want to rebuild (for instance, a '.o' file), then 'mostlyclean' should delete it. * Otherwise, if 'make' built it, then 'clean' should delete it. * If 'configure' built it, then 'distclean' should delete it. * If the maintainer built it (for instance, a '.info' file), then 'maintainer-clean' should delete it. However 'maintainer-clean' should not delete anything that needs to exist in order to run './configure && make'. We recommend that you follow this same set of heuristics in your 'Makefile.am'. 14 What Goes in a Distribution ****************************** 14.1 Basics of distribution =========================== The 'dist' rule in the generated 'Makefile.in' can be used to generate a gzip'd 'tar' file and other flavors of archive for distribution. The files is named based on the 'PACKAGE' and 'VERSION' variables defined by 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' (*note Macros::); more precisely the gzip'd 'tar' file is named 'PACKAGE-VERSION.tar.gz'. You can use the 'make' variable 'GZIP_ENV' to control how gzip is run. The default setting is '--best'. For the most part, the files to distribute are automatically found by Automake: all source files are automatically included in a distribution, as are all 'Makefile.am's and 'Makefile.in's. Automake also has a built-in list of commonly used files which are automatically included if they are found in the current directory (either physically, or as the target of a 'Makefile.am' rule). This list is printed by 'automake --help'. Also, files which are read by 'configure' (i.e. the source files corresponding to the files specified in various Autoconf macros such as 'AC_CONFIG_FILES' and siblings) are automatically distributed. Files included in 'Makefile.am's (using 'include') or in 'configure.ac' (using 'm4_include'), and helper scripts installed with 'automake --add-missing' are also distributed. Still, sometimes there are files which must be distributed, but which are not covered in the automatic rules. These files should be listed in the 'EXTRA_DIST' variable. You can mention files from subdirectories in 'EXTRA_DIST'. You can also mention a directory in 'EXTRA_DIST'; in this case the entire directory will be recursively copied into the distribution. Please note that this will also copy _everything_ in the directory, including CVS/RCS version control files. We recommend against using this feature. If you define 'SUBDIRS', Automake will recursively include the subdirectories in the distribution. If 'SUBDIRS' is defined conditionally (*note Conditionals::), Automake will normally include all directories that could possibly appear in 'SUBDIRS' in the distribution. If you need to specify the set of directories conditionally, you can set the variable 'DIST_SUBDIRS' to the exact list of subdirectories to include in the distribution (*note Top level::). 14.2 Fine-grained distribution control ====================================== Sometimes you need tighter control over what does _not_ go into the distribution; for instance you might have source files which are generated and which you do not want to distribute. In this case Automake gives fine-grained control using the 'dist' and 'nodist' prefixes. Any primary or '_SOURCES' variable can be prefixed with 'dist_' to add the listed files to the distribution. Similarly, 'nodist_' can be used to omit the files from the distribution. As an example, here is how you would cause some data to be distributed while leaving some source code out of the distribution: dist_data_DATA = distribute-this bin_PROGRAMS = foo nodist_foo_SOURCES = do-not-distribute.c 14.3 The dist hook ================== Occasionally it is useful to be able to change the distribution before it is packaged up. If the 'dist-hook' rule exists, it is run after the distribution directory is filled, but before the actual tar (or shar) file is created. One way to use this is for distributing files in subdirectories for which a new 'Makefile.am' is overkill: dist-hook: mkdir $(distdir)/random cp -p $(srcdir)/random/a1 $(srcdir)/random/a2 $(distdir)/random Another way to to use this is for removing unnecessary files that get recursively included by specifying a directory in EXTRA_DIST: EXTRA_DIST = doc dist-hook: rm -rf `find $(distdir)/doc -name CVS` Two variables that come handy when writing 'dist-hook' rules are '$(distdir)' and '$(top_distdir)'. '$(distdir)' points to the directory where the 'dist' rule will copy files from the current directory before creating the tarball. If you are at the top-level directory, then 'distdir = $(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)'. When used from subdirectory named 'foo/', then 'distdir = ../$(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)/foo'. '$(top_distdir)' always points to the root directory of the distributed tree. At the top-level it's equal to '$(distdir)'. In the 'foo/' subdirectory 'top_distdir = ../$(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)'. Note that when packages are nested using 'AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS' (*note AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS: (autoconf)Subdirectories.), then '$(distdir)' and '$(top_distdir)' are relative to the package where 'make dist' was run, not to any sub-packages involved. 14.4 Checking the distribution ============================== Automake also generates a 'distcheck' rule which can be of help to ensure that a given distribution will actually work. 'distcheck' makes a distribution, then tries to do a 'VPATH' build, run the test suite, and finally make another tarfile to ensure the distribution is self-contained. Building the package involves running './configure'. If you need to supply additional flags to 'configure', define them in the 'DISTCHECK_CONFIGURE_FLAGS' variable, either in your top-level 'Makefile.am', or on the command line when invoking 'make'. If the 'distcheck-hook' rule is defined in your 'Makefile.am', then it will be invoked by 'distcheck' after the new distribution has been unpacked, but before the unpacked copy is configured and built. Your 'distcheck-hook' can do almost anything, though as always caution is advised. Generally this hook is used to check for potential distribution errors not caught by the standard mechanism. Speaking about potential distribution errors, 'distcheck' will also ensure that the 'distclean' rule actually removes all built files. This is done by running 'make distcleancheck' at the end of the 'VPATH' build. By default, 'distcleancheck' will run 'distclean' and then make sure the build tree has been emptied by running '$(distcleancheck_listfiles)'. Usually this check will find generated files that you forgot to add to the 'DISTCLEANFILES' variable (*note Clean::). The 'distcleancheck' behavior should be OK for most packages, otherwise you have the possibility to override the definition of either the 'distcleancheck' rule, or the '$(distcleancheck_listfiles)' variable. For instance to disable 'distcleancheck' completely, add the following rule to your top-level 'Makefile.am': distcleancheck: @: If you want 'distcleancheck' to ignore built files which have not been cleaned because they are also part of the distribution, add the following definition instead: distcleancheck_listfiles = \ find -type f -exec sh -c 'test -f $(srcdir)/{} || echo {}' ';' The above definition is not the default because it's usually an error if your Makefiles cause some distributed files to be rebuilt when the user build the package. (Think about the user missing the tool required to build the file; or if the required tool is built by your package, consider the cross-compilation case where it can't be run.) There is a FAQ entry about this (*note distcleancheck::), make sure you read it before playing with 'distcleancheck_listfiles'. 'distcheck' also checks that the 'uninstall' rule works properly, both for ordinary and 'DESTDIR' builds. It does this by invoking 'make uninstall', and then it checks the install tree to see if any files are left over. This check will make sure that you correctly coded your 'uninstall'-related rules. By default, the checking is done by the 'distuninstallcheck' rule, and the list of files in the install tree is generated by '$(distuninstallcheck_listfiles') (this is a variable whose value is a shell command to run that prints the list of files to stdout). Either of these can be overridden to modify the behavior of 'distcheck'. For instance, to disable this check completely, you would write: distuninstallcheck: @: 14.5 The types of distributions =============================== Automake generates rules to provide archives of the project for distributions in various formats. Their targets are: 'dist-bzip2' Generate a bzip2 tar archive of the distribution. bzip2 archives are frequently smaller than gzipped archives. 'dist-gzip' Generate a gzip tar archive of the distribution. 'dist-shar' Generate a shar archive of the distribution. 'dist-zip' Generate a zip archive of the distribution. 'dist-tarZ' Generate a compressed tar archive of the distribution. The rule 'dist' (and its historical synonym 'dist-all') will create archives in all the enabled formats, *note Options::. By default, only the 'dist-gzip' target is hooked to 'dist'. 15 Support for test suites ************************** Automake supports two forms of test suites. 15.1 Simple Tests ================= If the variable 'TESTS' is defined, its value is taken to be a list of programs to run in order to do the testing. The programs can either be derived objects or source objects; the generated rule will look both in 'srcdir' and '.'. Programs needing data files should look for them in 'srcdir' (which is both an environment variable and a make variable) so they work when building in a separate directory (*note Build Directories: (autoconf)Build Directories.), and in particular for the 'distcheck' rule (*note Dist::). The number of failures will be printed at the end of the run. If a given test program exits with a status of 77, then its result is ignored in the final count. This feature allows non-portable tests to be ignored in environments where they don't make sense. The variable 'TESTS_ENVIRONMENT' can be used to set environment variables for the test run; the environment variable 'srcdir' is set in the rule. If all your test programs are scripts, you can also set 'TESTS_ENVIRONMENT' to an invocation of the shell (e.g. '$(SHELL) -x'); this can be useful for debugging the tests. You may define the variable 'XFAIL_TESTS' to a list of tests (usually a subset of 'TESTS') that are expected to fail. This will reverse the result of those tests. Automake ensures that each program listed in 'TESTS' is built before any tests are run; you can list both source and derived programs in 'TESTS'. For instance, you might want to run a C program as a test. To do this you would list its name in 'TESTS' and also in 'check_PROGRAMS', and then specify it as you would any other program. 15.2 DejaGnu Tests ================== If 'dejagnu' (ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/dejagnu/) appears in 'AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS', then a 'dejagnu'-based test suite is assumed. The variable 'DEJATOOL' is a list of names which are passed, one at a time, as the '--tool' argument to 'runtest' invocations; it defaults to the name of the package. The variable 'RUNTESTDEFAULTFLAGS' holds the '--tool' and '--srcdir' flags that are passed to dejagnu by default; this can be overridden if necessary. The variables 'EXPECT' and 'RUNTEST' can also be overridden to provide project-specific values. For instance, you will need to do this if you are testing a compiler toolchain, because the default values do not take into account host and target names. The contents of the variable 'RUNTESTFLAGS' are passed to the 'runtest' invocation. This is considered a "user variable" (*note User Variables::). If you need to set 'runtest' flags in 'Makefile.am', you can use 'AM_RUNTESTFLAGS' instead. Automake will generate rules to create a local 'site.exp' file, defining various variables detected by './configure'. This file is automatically read by DejaGnu. It is OK for the user of a package to edit this file in order to tune the test suite. However this is not the place where the test suite author should define new variables: this should be done elsewhere in the real test suite code. Especially, 'site.exp' should not be distributed. For more information regarding DejaGnu test suites, see *Note (dejagnu)Top::. In either case, the testing is done via 'make check'. 15.3 Install Tests ================== The 'installcheck' target is available to the user as a way to run any tests after the package has been installed. You can add tests to this by writing an 'installcheck-local' rule. 16 Rebuilding Makefiles *********************** Automake generates rules to automatically rebuild 'Makefile's, 'configure', and other derived files like 'Makefile.in'. If you are using 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' in 'configure.ac', then these automatic rebuilding rules are only enabled in maintainer mode. Sometimes you need to run 'aclocal' with an argument like '-I' to tell it where to find '.m4' files. Since sometimes 'make' will automatically run 'aclocal', you need a way to specify these arguments. You can do this by defining 'ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS'; this holds arguments which are passed verbatim to 'aclocal'. This variable is only useful in the top-level 'Makefile.am'. Sometimes it is convenient to supplement the rebuild rules for 'configure' or 'config.status' with additional dependencies. The variables 'CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES' and 'CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES' can be used to list these extra dependencies. These variable should be defined in all 'Makefile's of the tree (because these two rebuild rules are output in all them), so it is safer and easier to 'AC_SUBST' them from 'configure.ac'. For instance the following statement will cause 'configure' to be rerun each time 'version.sh' is changed. AC_SUBST([CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES], ['$(top_srcdir)/version.sh']) Note the '$(top_srcdir)/' in the filename. Since this variable is to be used in all 'Makefile's, its value must be sensible at any level in the build hierarchy. Beware not to mistake 'CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES' for 'CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES'. 'CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES' adds dependencies to the 'configure' rule, whose effect is to run 'autoconf'. This variable should be seldom used, because 'automake' already tracks 'm4_include'd files. However it can be useful when playing tricky games with 'm4_esyscmd' or similar non-recommendable macros with side effects. 'CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES' adds dependencies to the 'config.status' rule, whose effect is to run 'configure'. This variable should therefore carry any non-standard source that may be read as a side effect of running configure, like 'version.sh' in the example above. Speaking of 'version.sh' scripts, we recommend against them today. They are mainly used when the version of a package is updated automatically by a script (e.g., in daily builds). Here is what some old-style 'configure.ac's may look like: AC_INIT . $srcdir/version.sh AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([name], $VERSION_NUMBER) ... Here, 'version.sh' is a shell fragment that sets 'VERSION_NUMBER'. The problem with this example is that 'automake' cannot track dependencies (listing 'version.sh' in 'CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES', and distributing this file is up to the user), and that it uses the obsolete form of 'AC_INIT' and 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE'. Upgrading to the new syntax is not straightforward, because shell variables are not allowed in 'AC_INIT''s arguments. We recommend that 'version.sh' be replaced by an M4 file that is included by 'configure.ac': m4_include([version.m4]) AC_INIT([name], VERSION_NUMBER) AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE ... Here 'version.m4' could contain something like 'm4_define([VERSION_NUMBER], [1.2])'. The advantage of this second form is that 'automake' will take care of the dependencies when defining the rebuild rule, and will also distribute the file automatically. An inconvenience is that 'autoconf' will now be rerun each time the version number is bumped, when only 'configure' had to be rerun in the previous setup. 17 Changing Automake's Behavior ******************************* Various features of Automake can be controlled by options in the 'Makefile.am'. Such options are applied on a per-'Makefile' basis when listed in a special 'Makefile' variable named 'AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS'. They are applied globally to all processed 'Makefiles' when listed in the first argument of 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' in 'configure.ac'. Currently understood options are: 'gnits' 'gnu' 'foreign' 'cygnus' Set the strictness as appropriate. The 'gnits' option also implies 'readme-alpha' and 'check-news'. 'ansi2knr' 'PATH/ansi2knr' Turn on automatic de-ANSI-fication. *Note ANSI::. If preceded by a path, the generated 'Makefile.in' will look in the specified directory to find the 'ansi2knr' program. The path should be a relative path to another directory in the same distribution (Automake currently does not check this). 'check-news' Cause 'make dist' to fail unless the current version number appears in the first few lines of the 'NEWS' file. 'dejagnu' Cause 'dejagnu'-specific rules to be generated. *Note Tests::. 'dist-bzip2' Hook 'dist-bzip2' to 'dist'. 'dist-shar' Hook 'dist-shar' to 'dist'. 'dist-zip' Hook 'dist-zip' to 'dist'. 'dist-tarZ' Hook 'dist-tarZ' to 'dist'. 'no-define' This options is meaningful only when passed as an argument to 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE'. It will prevent the 'PACKAGE' and 'VERSION' variables to be 'AC_DEFINE'd. 'no-dependencies' This is similar to using '--include-deps' on the command line, but is useful for those situations where you don't have the necessary bits to make automatic dependency tracking work *Note Dependencies::. In this case the effect is to effectively disable automatic dependency tracking. 'no-dist' Don't emit any code related to 'dist' target. This is useful when a package has its own method for making distributions. 'no-dist-gzip' Do not hook 'dist-gzip' to 'dist'. 'no-exeext' If your 'Makefile.am' defines a rule for target 'foo', it will override a rule for a target named 'foo$(EXEEXT)'. This is necessary when 'EXEEXT' is found to be empty. However, by default automake will generate an error for this use. The 'no-exeext' option will disable this error. This is intended for use only where it is known in advance that the package will not be ported to Windows, or any other operating system using extensions on executables. 'no-installinfo' The generated 'Makefile.in' will not cause info pages to be built or installed by default. However, 'info' and 'install-info' targets will still be available. This option is disallowed at 'GNU' strictness and above. 'no-installman' The generated 'Makefile.in' will not cause man pages to be installed by default. However, an 'install-man' target will still be available for optional installation. This option is disallowed at 'GNU' strictness and above. 'nostdinc' This option can be used to disable the standard '-I' options which are ordinarily automatically provided by Automake. 'no-texinfo.tex' Don't require 'texinfo.tex', even if there are texinfo files in this directory. 'readme-alpha' If this release is an alpha release, and the file 'README-alpha' exists, then it will be added to the distribution. If this option is given, version numbers are expected to follow one of two forms. The first form is 'MAJOR.MINOR.ALPHA', where each element is a number; the final period and number should be left off for non-alpha releases. The second form is 'MAJOR.MINORALPHA', where ALPHA is a letter; it should be omitted for non-alpha releases. 'std-options' Make the 'installcheck' rule check that installed scripts and programs support the '--help' and '--version' options. This also provides a basic check that the program's run-time dependencies are satisfied after installation. In a few situations, programs (or scripts) have to be exempted from this test. For instance 'false' (from GNU sh-utils) is never successful, even for '--help' or '--version'. You can list such programs in the variable 'AM_INSTALLCHECK_STD_OPTIONS_EXEMPT'. Programs (not scripts) listed in this variable should be suffixed by '$(EXEEXT)' for the sake of Win32 or OS/2. For instance suppose we build 'false' as a program but 'true.sh' as a script, and that neither of them support '--help' or '--version': AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = std-options bin_PROGRAMS = false ... bin_SCRIPTS = true.sh ... AM_INSTALLCHECK_STD_OPTIONS_EXEMPT = false$(EXEEXT) true.sh 'subdir-objects' If this option is specified, then objects are placed into the subdirectory of the build directory corresponding to the subdirectory of the source file. For instance if the source file is 'subdir/file.cxx', then the output file would be 'subdir/file.o'. VERSION A version number (e.g. '0.30') can be specified. If Automake is not newer than the version specified, creation of the 'Makefile.in' will be suppressed. '-WCATEGORY' or '--warnings=CATEGORY' These options behave exactly like their command-line counterpart (*note Invoking Automake::). This allows you to enable or disable some warning categories on a per-file basis. You can also setup some warnings for your entire project; for instance try 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([-Wall])' in your 'configure.ac'. Unrecognized options are diagnosed by 'automake'. If you want an option to apply to all the files in the tree, you can use the 'AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' macro in 'configure.ac'. *Note Macros::. 18 Miscellaneous Rules ********************** There are a few rules and variables that didn't fit anywhere else. 18.1 Interfacing to 'etags' =========================== Automake will generate rules to generate 'TAGS' files for use with GNU Emacs under some circumstances. If any C, C++ or Fortran 77 source code or headers are present, then 'tags' and 'TAGS' rules will be generated for the directory. At the topmost directory of a multi-directory package, a 'tags' rule will be output which, when run, will generate a 'TAGS' file that includes by reference all 'TAGS' files from subdirectories. The 'tags' rule will also be generated if the variable 'ETAGS_ARGS' is defined. This variable is intended for use in directories which contain taggable source that 'etags' does not understand. The user can use the 'ETAGSFLAGS' to pass additional flags to 'etags'; 'AM_ETAGSFLAGS' is also available for use in 'Makefile.am'. Here is how Automake generates tags for its source, and for nodes in its Texinfo file: ETAGS_ARGS = automake.in --lang=none \ --regex='/^@node[ \t]+\([^,]+\)/\1/' automake.texi If you add filenames to 'ETAGS_ARGS', you will probably also want to set 'TAGS_DEPENDENCIES'. The contents of this variable are added directly to the dependencies for the 'tags' rule. Automake also generates a 'ctags' rule which can be used to build 'vi'-style 'tags' files. The variable 'CTAGS' is the name of the program to invoke (by default 'ctags'); 'CTAGSFLAGS' can be used by the user to pass additional flags, and 'AM_CTAGSFLAGS' can be used by the 'Makefile.am'. Automake will also generate an 'ID' rule which will run 'mkid' on the source. This is only supported on a directory-by-directory basis. Automake also supports the GNU Global Tags program (http://www.gnu.org/software/global/). The 'GTAGS' rule runs Global Tags automatically and puts the result in the top build directory. The variable 'GTAGS_ARGS' holds arguments which are passed to 'gtags'. 18.2 Handling new file extensions ================================= It is sometimes useful to introduce a new implicit rule to handle a file type that Automake does not know about. For instance, suppose you had a compiler which could compile '.foo' files to '.o' files. You would simply define an suffix rule for your language: .foo.o: foocc -c -o $@ $< Then you could directly use a '.foo' file in a '_SOURCES' variable and expect the correct results: bin_PROGRAMS = doit doit_SOURCES = doit.foo This was the simpler and more common case. In other cases, you will have to help Automake to figure which extensions you are defining your suffix rule for. This usually happens when your extensions does not start with a dot. Then, all you have to do is to put a list of new suffixes in the 'SUFFIXES' variable *before* you define your implicit rule. For instance the following definition prevents Automake to misinterpret '.idlC.cpp:' as an attempt to transform '.idlC' into '.cpp'. SUFFIXES = .idl C.cpp .idlC.cpp: # whatever As you may have noted, the 'SUFFIXES' variable behaves like the '.SUFFIXES' special target of 'make'. You should not touch '.SUFFIXES' yourself, but use 'SUFFIXES' instead and let Automake generate the suffix list for '.SUFFIXES'. Any given 'SUFFIXES' go at the start of the generated suffixes list, followed by Automake generated suffixes not already in the list. 18.3 Support for Multilibs ========================== Automake has support for an obscure feature called multilibs. A "multilib" is a library which is built for multiple different ABIs at a single time; each time the library is built with a different target flag combination. This is only useful when the library is intended to be cross-compiled, and it is almost exclusively used for compiler support libraries. The multilib support is still experimental. Only use it if you are familiar with multilibs and can debug problems you might encounter. 19 Include ********** Automake supports an 'include' directive which can be used to include other 'Makefile' fragments when 'automake' is run. Note that these fragments are read and interpreted by 'automake', not by 'make'. As with conditionals, 'make' has no idea that 'include' is in use. There are two forms of 'include': 'include $(srcdir)/file' Include a fragment which is found relative to the current source directory. 'include $(top_srcdir)/file' Include a fragment which is found relative to the top source directory. Note that if a fragment is included inside a conditional, then the condition applies to the entire contents of that fragment. Makefile fragments included this way are always distributed because there are needed to rebuild 'Makefile.in'. 20 Conditionals *************** Automake supports a simple type of conditionals. Before using a conditional, you must define it by using 'AM_CONDITIONAL' in the 'configure.ac' file (*note Macros::). -- Macro: AM_CONDITIONAL (CONDITIONAL, CONDITION) The conditional name, CONDITIONAL, should be a simple string starting with a letter and containing only letters, digits, and underscores. It must be different from 'TRUE' and 'FALSE' which are reserved by Automake. The shell CONDITION (suitable for use in a shell 'if' statement) is evaluated when 'configure' is run. Note that you must arrange for _every_ 'AM_CONDITIONAL' to be invoked every time 'configure' is run - if 'AM_CONDITIONAL' is run conditionally (e.g., in a shell 'if' statement), then the result will confuse automake. Conditionals typically depend upon options which the user provides to the 'configure' script. Here is an example of how to write a conditional which is true if the user uses the '--enable-debug' option. AC_ARG_ENABLE(debug, [ --enable-debug Turn on debugging], [case "${enableval}" in yes) debug=true ;; no) debug=false ;; *) AC_MSG_ERROR(bad value ${enableval} for --enable-debug) ;; esac],[debug=false]) AM_CONDITIONAL(DEBUG, test x$debug = xtrue) Here is an example of how to use that conditional in 'Makefile.am': if DEBUG DBG = debug else DBG = endif noinst_PROGRAMS = $(DBG) This trivial example could also be handled using EXTRA_PROGRAMS (*note Conditional Programs::). You may only test a single variable in an 'if' statement, possibly negated using '!'. The 'else' statement may be omitted. Conditionals may be nested to any depth. You may specify an argument to 'else' in which case it must be the negation of the condition used for the current 'if'. Similarly you may specify the condition which is closed by an 'end': if DEBUG DBG = debug else !DEBUG DBG = endif !DEBUG Unbalanced conditions are errors. Note that conditionals in Automake are not the same as conditionals in GNU Make. Automake conditionals are checked at configure time by the 'configure' script, and affect the translation from 'Makefile.in' to 'Makefile'. They are based on options passed to 'configure' and on results that 'configure' has discovered about the host system. GNU Make conditionals are checked at 'make' time, and are based on variables passed to the make program or defined in the 'Makefile'. Automake conditionals will work with any make program. 21 The effect of '--gnu' and '--gnits' ************************************** The '--gnu' option (or 'gnu' in the 'AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS' variable) causes 'automake' to check the following: * The files 'INSTALL', 'NEWS', 'README', 'AUTHORS', and 'ChangeLog', plus one of 'COPYING.LIB', 'COPYING.LESSER' or 'COPYING', are required at the topmost directory of the package. * The options 'no-installman' and 'no-installinfo' are prohibited. Note that this option will be extended in the future to do even more checking; it is advisable to be familiar with the precise requirements of the GNU standards. Also, '--gnu' can require certain non-standard GNU programs to exist for use by various maintainer-only rules; for instance in the future 'pathchk' might be required for 'make dist'. The '--gnits' option does everything that '--gnu' does, and checks the following as well: * 'make installcheck' will check to make sure that the '--help' and '--version' really print a usage message and a version string, respectively. This is the 'std-options' option (*note Options::). * 'make dist' will check to make sure the 'NEWS' file has been updated to the current version. * 'VERSION' is checked to make sure its format complies with Gnits standards. * If 'VERSION' indicates that this is an alpha release, and the file 'README-alpha' appears in the topmost directory of a package, then it is included in the distribution. This is done in '--gnits' mode, and no other, because this mode is the only one where version number formats are constrained, and hence the only mode where Automake can automatically determine whether 'README-alpha' should be included. * The file 'THANKS' is required. 22 The effect of '--cygnus' *************************** Some packages, notably GNU GCC and GNU gdb, have a build environment originally written at Cygnus Support (subsequently renamed Cygnus Solutions, and then later purchased by Red Hat). Packages with this ancestry are sometimes referred to as "Cygnus" trees. A Cygnus tree has slightly different rules for how a 'Makefile.in' is to be constructed. Passing '--cygnus' to 'automake' will cause any generated 'Makefile.in' to comply with Cygnus rules. Here are the precise effects of '--cygnus': * Info files are always created in the build directory, and not in the source directory. * 'texinfo.tex' is not required if a Texinfo source file is specified. The assumption is that the file will be supplied, but in a place that Automake cannot find. This assumption is an artifact of how Cygnus packages are typically bundled. * 'make dist' is not supported, and the rules for it are not generated. Cygnus-style trees use their own distribution mechanism. * Certain tools will be searched for in the build tree as well as in the user's 'PATH'. These tools are 'runtest', 'expect', 'makeinfo' and 'texi2dvi'. * '--foreign' is implied. * The options 'no-installinfo' and 'no-dependencies' are implied. * The macros 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' and 'AM_CYGWIN32' are required. * The 'check' target doesn't depend on 'all'. GNU maintainers are advised to use 'gnu' strictness in preference to the special Cygnus mode. Some day, perhaps, the differences between Cygnus trees and GNU trees will disappear (for instance, as GCC is made more standards compliant). At that time the special Cygnus mode will be removed. 23 When Automake Isn't Enough ***************************** With some minor exceptions (like '_PROGRAMS' variables being rewritten to append '$(EXEEXT)'), the contents of a 'Makefile.am' is copied to 'Makefile.in' verbatim. These copying semantics means that many problems can be worked around by simply adding some 'make' variables and rules to 'Makefile.am'. Automake will ignore these additions. Since a 'Makefile.in' is built from data gathered from three different places ('Makefile.am', 'configure.ac', and 'automake' itself), it is possible to have conflicting definitions of rules or variables. When building 'Makefile.in' the following priorities are respected by 'automake' to ensure the user always have the last word. User defined variables in 'Makefile.am' have priority over variables 'AC_SUBST'ed from 'configure.ac', and 'AC_SUBST'ed variables have priority over 'automake'-defined variables. As far rules are concerned, a user-defined rule overrides any 'automake'-defined rule for the same target. These overriding semantics make it possible to fine tune some default settings of Automake, or replace some of its rules. Overriding Automake rules is often inadvisable, particularly in the topmost directory of a package with subdirectories. The '-Woverride' option (*note Invoking Automake::) comes handy to catch overridden definitions. Note that Automake does not make any difference between rules with commands and rules that only specify dependencies. So it is not possible to append new dependencies to an 'automake'-defined target without redefining the entire rule. However, various useful targets have a '-local' version you can specify in your 'Makefile.in'. Automake will supplement the standard target with these user-supplied targets. The targets that support a local version are 'all', 'info', 'dvi', 'ps', 'pdf', 'html', 'check', 'install-data', 'install-exec', 'uninstall', 'installdirs', 'installcheck' and the various 'clean' targets ('mostlyclean', 'clean', 'distclean', and 'maintainer-clean'). Note that there are no 'uninstall-exec-local' or 'uninstall-data-local' targets; just use 'uninstall-local'. It doesn't make sense to uninstall just data or just executables. For instance, here is one way to install a file in '/etc': install-data-local: $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/afile $(DESTDIR)/etc/afile Some rule also have a way to run another rule, called a "hook", after their work is done. The hook is named after the principal target, with '-hook' appended. The targets allowing hooks are 'install-data', 'install-exec', 'uninstall', 'dist', and 'distcheck'. For instance, here is how to create a hard link to an installed program: install-exec-hook: ln $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/program$(EXEEXT) \ $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/proglink$(EXEEXT) Although cheaper and more portable than symbolic links, hard links will not work everywhere (for instance OS/2 does not have 'ln'). Ideally you should fall back to 'cp -p' when 'ln' does not work. An easy way, if symbolic links are acceptable to you, is to add 'AC_PROG_LN_S' to 'configure.ac' (*note Particular Program Checks: (autoconf)Particular Programs.) and use '$(LN_S)' in 'Makefile.am'. For instance, here is how you could install a versioned copy of a program using '$(LN_S)': install-exec-hook: cd $(DESTDIR)$(bindir) && \ mv -f prog$(EXEEXT) prog-$(VERSION)$(EXEEXT) && \ $(LN_S) prog-$(VERSION)$(EXEEXT) prog$(EXEEXT) Note that we rename the program so that a new version will erase the symbolic link, not the real binary. Also we 'cd' into the destination directory in order to create relative links. 24 Distributing 'Makefile.in's ****************************** Automake places no restrictions on the distribution of the resulting 'Makefile.in's. We still encourage software authors to distribute their work under terms like those of the GPL, but doing so is not required to use Automake. Some of the files that can be automatically installed via the '--add-missing' switch do fall under the GPL. However, these also have a special exception allowing you to distribute them with your package, regardless of the licensing you choose. 25 Automake API versioning ************************** New Automake releases usually include bug fixes and new features. Unfortunately they may also introduce new bugs and incompatibilities. This makes four reasons why a package may require a particular Automake version. Things get worse when maintaining a large tree of packages, each one requiring a different version of Automake. In the past, this meant that any developer (and sometime users) had to install several versions of Automake in different places, and switch '$PATH' appropriately for each package. Starting with version 1.6, Automake installs versioned binaries. This means you can install several versions of Automake in the same '$prefix', and can select an arbitrary Automake version by running 'automake-1.6' or 'automake-1.7' without juggling with '$PATH'. Furthermore, 'Makefile''s generated by Automake 1.6 will use 'automake-1.6' explicitly in their rebuild rules. Note that '1.6' in 'automake-1.6' is Automake's API version, not Automake's version. If a bug fix release is made, for instance Automake 1.6.1, the API version will remain 1.6. This means that a package which work with Automake 1.6 should also work with 1.6.1; after all, this is what people expect from bug fix releases. Note that if your package relies on a feature or a bug fix introduced in a release, you can pass this version as an option to Automake to ensure older releases will not be used. For instance, use this in your 'configure.ac': AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE(1.6.1) dnl Require Automake 1.6.1 or better. or, in a particular 'Makefile.am': AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = 1.6.1 # Require Automake 1.6.1 or better. Automake will print an error message if its version is older than the requested version. What is in the API ================== Automake's programming interface is not easy to define. Basically it should include at least all *documented* variables and targets that a 'Makefile.am' author can use, any behavior associated with them (e.g. the places where '-hook''s are run), the command line interface of 'automake' and 'aclocal', ... What is not in the API ====================== Every undocumented variable, target, or command line option, is not part of the API. You should avoid using them, as they could change from one version to the other (even in bug fix releases, if this helps to fix a bug). If it turns out you need to use such a undocumented feature, contact and try to get it documented and exercised by the test-suite. 26 Frequently Asked Questions about Automake ******************************************** This chapter covers some questions that often come up on the mailing lists. 26.1 CVS and generated files ============================ 26.1.1 Background: distributed generated files ---------------------------------------------- Packages made with Autoconf and Automake ship with some generated files like 'configure' or 'Makefile.in'. These files were generated on the developer's host and are distributed so that end-users do not have to install the maintainer tools required to rebuild them. Other generated files like Lex scanners, Yacc parsers, or Info documentation, are usually distributed on similar grounds. Automake outputs rules in 'Makefile's to rebuild these files. For instance 'make' will run 'autoconf' to rebuild 'configure' whenever 'configure.ac' is changed. This makes development safer by ensuring a 'configure' is never out-of-date with respect to 'configure.ac'. As generated files shipped in packages are up-to-date, and because 'tar' preserves times-tamps, these rebuild rules are not triggered when a user unpacks and builds a package. 26.1.2 Background: CVS and timestamps ------------------------------------- Unless you use CVS keywords (in which case files must be updated at commit time), CVS preserves timestamp during 'cvs commit' and 'cvs import -d' operations. When you check out a file using 'cvs checkout' its timestamp is set to that of the revision which is being checked out. However, during 'cvs update', files will have the date of the update, not the original timestamp of this revision. This is meant to make sure that 'make' notices sources files have been updated. This times tamp shift is troublesome when both sources and generated files are kept under CVS. Because CVS processes files in alphabetical order, 'configure.ac' will appear older than 'configure' after a 'cvs update' that updates both files, even if 'configure' was newer than 'configure.ac' when it was checked in. Calling 'make' will then trigger a spurious rebuild of 'configure'. 26.1.3 Living with CVS in Autoconfiscated projects -------------------------------------------------- There are basically two clans amongst maintainers: those who keep all distributed files under CVS, including generated files, and those who keep generated files _out_ of CVS. All files in CVS ................ * The CVS repository contains all distributed files so you know exactly what is distributed, and you can checkout any prior version entirely. * Maintainers can see how generated files evolve (for instance you can see what happens to your 'Makefile.in's when you upgrade Automake and make sure they look OK). * Users do not need the autotools to build a checkout of the project, it works just like a released tarball. * If users use 'cvs update' to update their copy, instead of 'cvs checkout' to fetch a fresh one, timestamps will be inaccurate. Some rebuild rules will be triggered and attempt to run developer tools such as 'autoconf' or 'automake'. Actually, calls to such tools are all wrapped into a call to the 'missing' script discussed later (*note maintainer-mode::). 'missing' will take care of fixing the timestamps when these tools are not installed, so that the build can continue. * In distributed development, developers are likely to have different version of the maintainer tools installed. In this case rebuilds triggered by timestamp lossage will lead to spurious changes to generated files. There are several solutions to this: * All developers should use the same versions, so that the rebuilt files are identical to files in CVS. (This starts to be difficult when each project you work on uses different versions.) * Or people use a script to fix the timestamp after a checkout (the GCC folks have such a script). * Or 'configure.ac' uses 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE', which will disable all these rebuild rules by default. This is further discussed in *note maintainer-mode::. * Although we focused on spurious rebuilds, the converse can also happen. CVS's timestamp handling can also let you think an out-of-date file is up-to-date. For instance, suppose a developer has modified 'Makefile.am' and rebuilt 'Makefile.in', and then decide to do a last-minute change to 'Makefile.am' right before checking in both files (without rebuilding 'Makefile.in' to account for the change). This last change to 'Makefile.am' make the copy of 'Makefile.in' out-of-date. Since CVS processes files alphabetically, when another developer 'cvs update' his or her tree, 'Makefile.in' will happen to be newer than 'Makefile.am'. This other developer will not see 'Makefile.in' is out-of-date. Generated files out of CVS .......................... One way to get CVS and 'make' working peacefully is to never store generated files in CVS, i.e., do not CVS-control files which are 'Makefile' targets (also called _derived_ files). This way developers are not annoyed by changes to generated files. It does not matter if they all have different versions (assuming they are compatible, of course). And finally, timestamps are not lost, changes to sources files can't be missed as in the 'Makefile.am'/'Makefile.in' example discussed earlier. The drawback is that the CVS repository is not an exact copy of what is distributed and that users now need to install various development tools (maybe even specific versions) before they can build a checkout. But, after all, CVS's job is versioning, not distribution. Allowing developers to use different versions of their tools can also hide bugs during distributed development. Indeed, developers will be using (hence testing) their own generated files, instead of the generated files that will be released actually. The developer who prepares the tarball might be using a version of the tool that produces bogus output (for instance a non-portable C file), something other developers could have noticed if they weren't using their own versions of this tool. 26.1.4 Third-party files ------------------------ Another class of files not discussed here (because they do not cause timestamp issues) are files which are shipped with a package, but maintained elsewhere. For instance tools like 'gettextize' and 'autopoint' (from Gettext) or 'libtoolize' (from Libtool), will install or update files in your package. These files, whether they are kept under CVS or not, raise similar concerns about version mismatch between developers' tools. The Gettext manual has a section about this, see *note CVS Issues: (gettext)CVS Issues. 26.2 'missing' and 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' ======================================= 26.2.1 'missing' ---------------- The 'missing' script is a wrapper around several maintainer tools, designed to warn users if a maintainer tool is required but missing. Typical maintainer tools are 'autoconf', 'automake', 'bison', etc. Because file generated by these tools are shipped with the other sources of a package, these tools shouldn't be required during a user build and they are not checked for in 'configure'. However, if for some reason a rebuild rule is triggered and involves a missing tool, 'missing' will notice it and warn the user. Besides the warning, when a tool is missing, 'missing' will attempt to fix timestamps in a way which allow the build to continue. For instance 'missing' will touch 'configure' if 'autoconf' is not installed. When all distributed files are kept under CVS, this feature of 'missing' allows user _with no maintainer tools_ to build a package off CVS, bypassing any timestamp inconsistency implied by 'cvs update'. If the required tool is installed, 'missing' will run it and won't attempt to continue after failures. This is correct during development: developers love fixing failures. However, users with wrong versions of maintainer tools may get an error when the rebuild rule is spuriously triggered, halting the build. This failure to let the build continue is one of the arguments of the 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' advocates. 26.2.2 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' --------------------------- 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' disables the so called "rebuild rules" by default. If you have 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' in 'configure.ac', and run './configure && make', then 'make' will *never* attempt to rebuilt 'configure', 'Makefile.in's, Lex or Yacc outputs, etc. I.e., this disables build rules for files which are usually distributed and that users should normally not have to update. If you run './configure --enable-maintainer-mode', then these rebuild rules will be active. People use 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' either because they do want their users (or themselves) annoyed by timestamps lossage (*note CVS::), or because they simply can't stand the rebuild rules and prefer running maintainer tools explicitly. 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' also allows you to disable some custom build rules conditionally. Some developers use this feature to disable rules that need exotic tools that users may not have available. Several years ago François Pinard pointed out several arguments against 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE'. Most of them relate to insecurity. By removing dependencies you get non-dependable builds: change to sources files can have no effect on generated files and this can be very confusing when unnoticed. He adds that security shouldn't be reserved to maintainers (what '--enable-maintainer-mode' suggests), on the contrary. If one user has to modify a 'Makefile.am', then either 'Makefile.in' should be updated or a warning should be output (this is what Automake uses 'missing' for) but the last thing you want is that nothing happens and the user doesn't notice it (this is what happens when rebuild rules are disabled by 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE'). Jim Meyering, the inventor of the 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' macro was swayed by François's arguments, and got rid of 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' in all of his packages. Still many people continue to use 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE', because it helps them working on projects where all files are kept under CVS, and because 'missing' isn't enough if you have the wrong version of the tools. 26.3 Why doesn't Automake support wildcards? ============================================ Developers are lazy. They often would like to use wildcards in 'Makefile.am's, so they don't need to remember they have to update 'Makefile.am's every time they add, delete, or rename a file. There are several objections to this: * When using CVS (or similar) developers need to remember they have to run 'cvs add' or 'cvs rm' anyway. Updating 'Makefile.am' accordingly quickly becomes a reflex. Conversely, if your application doesn't compile because you forgot to add a file in 'Makefile.am', it will help you remember to 'cvs add' it. * Using wildcards makes easy to distribute files by mistake. For instance some code a developer is experimenting with (a test case, say) but which should not be part of the distribution. * Using wildcards it's easy to omit some files by mistake. For instance one developer creates a new file, uses it at many places, but forget to commit it. Another developer then checkout the incomplete project and is able to run 'make dist' successfully, even though a file is missing. * Listing files, you control *exactly* what you distribute. If some file that should be distributed is missing from your tree, 'make dist' will complain. Besides, you don't distribute more than what you listed. * Finally it's really hard to 'forget' adding a file to 'Makefile.am', because if you don't add it, it doesn't get compiled nor installed, so you can't even test it. Still, these are philosophical objections, and as such you may disagree, or find enough value in wildcards to dismiss all of them. Before you start writing a patch against Automake to teach it about wildcards, let's see the main technical issue: portability. Although '$(wildcard ...)' works with GNU 'make', it is not portable to other 'make' implementations. The only way Automake could support '$(wildcard ...)' is by expending '$(wildcard ...)' when 'automake' is run. Resulting 'Makefile.in's would be portable since they would list all files and not use '$(wildcard ...)'. However that means developers need to remember they must run 'automake' each time they add, delete, or rename files. Compared to editing 'Makefile.am', this is really little win. Sure, it's easier and faster to type 'automake; make' than to type 'emacs Makefile.am; make'. But nobody bothered enough to write a patch add support for this syntax. Some people use scripts to generated file lists in 'Makefile.am' or in separate 'Makefile' fragments. Even if you don't care about portability, and are tempted to use '$(wildcard ...)' anyway because you target only GNU Make, you should know there are many places where Automake need to know exactly which files should be processed. As Automake doesn't know how to expand '$(wildcard ...)', you cannot use it in these places. '$(wildcard ...)' is a black box comparable to 'AC_SUBST'ed variables as far Automake is concerned. You can get warnings about '$(wildcard ...') constructs using the '-Wportability' flag. 26.4 Files left in build directory after distclean ================================================== This is a diagnostic you might encounter while running 'make distcheck'. As explained in *note Dist::, 'make distcheck' attempts to build and check your package for errors like this one. 'make distcheck' will perform a 'VPATH' build of your package, and then call 'make distclean'. Files left in the build directory after 'make distclean' has run are listed after this error. This diagnostic really covers two kinds of errors: * files that are forgotten by distclean; * distributed files that are erroneously rebuilt. The former left-over files are not distributed, so the fix is to mark them for cleaning (*note Clean::), this is obvious and doesn't deserve more explanations. The latter bug is not always easy to understand and fix, so let's proceed with an example. Suppose our package contains a program for which we want to build a man page using 'help2man'. GNU 'help2man' produces simple manual pages from the '--help' and '--version' output of other commands (*note Overview: (help2man)Top.). Because we don't to force want our users to install 'help2man', we decide to distribute the generated man page using the following setup. # This Makefile.am is bogus. bin_PROGRAMS = foo foo_SOURCES = foo.c dist_man_MANS = foo.1 foo.1: foo$(EXEEXT) help2man --output=foo.1 ./foo$(EXEEXT) This will effectively distribute the man page. However, 'make distcheck' will fail with: ERROR: files left in build directory after distclean: ./foo.1 Why was 'foo.1' rebuilt? Because although distributed, 'foo.1' depends on a non-distributed built file: 'foo$(EXEEXT)'. 'foo$(EXEEXT)' is built by the user, so it will always appear to be newer than the distributed 'foo.1'. 'make distcheck' caught an inconsistency in our package. Our intent was to distribute 'foo.1' so users do not need installing 'help2man', however since this our rule causes this file to be always rebuilt, users _do_ need 'help2man'. Either we should ensure that 'foo.1' is not rebuilt by users, or there is no point in distributing 'foo.1'. More generally, the rule is that distributed files should never depend on non-distributed built files. If you distribute something generated, distribute its sources. One way to fix the above example, while still distributing 'foo.1' is to not depend on 'foo$(EXEEXT)'. For instance, assuming 'foo --version' and 'foo --help' do not change unless 'foo.c' or 'configure.ac' change, we could write the following 'Makefile.am': bin_PROGRAMS = foo foo_SOURCES = foo.c dist_man_MANS = foo.1 foo.1: foo.c $(top_srcdir)/configure.ac $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) foo$(EXEEXT) help2man --output=foo.1 ./foo$(EXEEXT) This way, 'foo.1' will not get rebuilt every time 'foo$(EXEEXT)' changes. The 'make' call makes sure 'foo$(EXEEXT)' is up-to-date before 'help2man'. Another way to ensure this would be to use separate directories for binaries and man pages, and set 'SUBDIRS' so that binaries are built before man pages. We could also decide not to distribute 'foo.1'. In this case it's fine to have 'foo.1' dependent upon 'foo$(EXEEXT)', since both will have to be rebuilt. However it would be impossible to build the package in a cross-compilation, because building 'foo.1' involves an _execution_ of 'foo$(EXEEXT)'. Another context where such errors are common is when distributed files are built by tools which are built by the package. The pattern is similar: distributed-file: built-tools distributed-sources build-command should be changed to distributed-file: distributed-sources $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) built-tools build-command or you could choose not to distribute 'distributed-file', if cross-compilation does not matter. The points made through these examples are worth a summary: * Distributed files should never depend upon non-distributed built files. * Distributed files should be distributed will all their dependencies. * If a file is _intended_ be rebuilt by users, there is no point in distributing it. For desperate cases, it's always possible to disable this check by setting 'distcleancheck_listfiles' as documented in *note Dist::. Make sure you do understand the reason why 'make distcheck' complains before you do this. 'distcleancheck_listfiles' is a way to _hide_ errors, not to fix them. You can always do better. 26.5 Why are object files sometimes renamed? ============================================ This happens when per-target compilation flags are used. Object files need to be renamed just in case they would clash with object files compiled from the same sources, but with different flags. Consider the following example. bin_PROGRAMS = true false true_SOURCES = generic.c true_CPPFLAGS = -DEXIT_CODE=0 false_SOURCES = generic.c false_CPPFLAGS = -DEXIT_CODE=1 Obviously the two programs are built from the same source, but it would be bad if they shared the same object, because 'generic.o' cannot be built with both '-DEXIT_CODE=0' *and* '-DEXIT_CODE=1'. Therefore 'automake' outputs rules to build two different objects: 'true-generic.o' and 'false-generic.o'. 'automake' doesn't actually look whether sources files are shared to decide if it must rename objects. It will just rename all objects of a target as soon as it sees per-target compilation flags are used. It's OK to share object files when per-target compilation flags are not used. For instance 'true' and 'false' will both use 'version.o' in the following example. AM_CPPFLAGS = -DVERSION=1.0 bin_PROGRAMS = true false true_SOURCES = true.c version.c false_SOURCES = false.c version.c Note that the renaming of objects is also affected by the '_SHORTNAME' variable (*note Program and Library Variables::). Appendix A Copying This Manual ****************************** A.1 GNU Free Documentation License ================================== Version 1.2, November 2002 Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software. We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. 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Appendix B Indices ****************** B.1 Macro and Variable Index ============================ * Menu: * _LDADD: Linking. (line 1691) * _LDFLAGS: Linking. (line 1713) * _LIBADD: A Library. (line 1871) * _SOURCES: Program Sources. (line 1665) * _SOURCES <1>: Default _SOURCES. (line 2369) * _TEXINFOS: Texinfo. (line 3572) * ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS: Local Macros. (line 1354) * ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS <1>: Rebuilding. (line 4129) * AC_CANONICAL_HOST: Optional. (line 813) * AC_CANONICAL_SYSTEM: Optional. (line 818) * AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR: Optional. (line 796) * AC_CONFIG_FILES: Requirements. (line 769) * AC_CONFIG_HEADERS: Optional. (line 781) * AC_CONFIG_LINKS: Optional. (line 786) * AC_DEFUN: Extending aclocal. (line 1297) * AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS: Optional. (line 853) * AC_LIBOBJ: Optional. (line 830) * AC_LIBOBJ <1>: LTLIBOBJ. (line 2110) * AC_LIBSOURCE: Optional. (line 830) * AC_LIBSOURCES: Optional. (line 830) * AC_OUTPUT: Requirements. (line 769) * AC_PREREQ: Extending aclocal. (line 1297) * AC_PROG_CXX: Optional. (line 842) * AC_PROG_F77: Optional. (line 847) * AC_PROG_LEX: Optional. (line 867) * AC_PROG_LIBTOOL: Optional. (line 857) * AC_PROG_RANLIB: Optional. (line 838) * AC_PROG_YACC: Optional. (line 863) * AC_SUBST: Optional. (line 870) * AM_CFLAGS: Program variables. (line 2463) * AM_CONDITIONAL: Conditionals. (line 4472) * AM_CONDITIONAL <1>: Conditionals. (line 4469) * AM_CONFIG_HEADER: Public macros. (line 1120) * AM_CPPFLAGS: Program variables. (line 2442) * am_cv_sys_posix_termios: Public macros. (line 1220) * AM_CXXFLAGS: C++ Support. (line 2622) * AM_C_PROTOTYPES: Optional. (line 882) * AM_C_PROTOTYPES <1>: Public macros. (line 1135) * AM_C_PROTOTYPES <2>: ANSI. (line 2896) * AM_ETAGSFLAGS: Tags. (line 4360) * AM_FFLAGS: Fortran 77 Support. (line 2669) * AM_GCJFLAGS: Java Support. (line 2851) * AM_GNU_GETTEXT: Optional. (line 888) * AM_HEADER_TIOCGWINSZ_NEEDS_SYS_IOCTL: Public macros. (line 1140) * AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE: Requirements. (line 748) * AM_INSTALLCHECK_STD_OPTIONS_EXEMPT: Options. (line 4300) * AM_JAVACFLAGS: Java. (line 3412) * AM_LDFLAGS: Linking. (line 1684) * AM_LDFLAGS <1>: Program variables. (line 2473) * AM_MAINTAINER_MODE: Optional. (line 895) * AM_MAINTAINER_MODE <1>: Rebuilding. (line 4126) * AM_MAINTAINER_MODE <2>: maintainer-mode. (line 4956) * AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS: Texinfo. (line 3611) * AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS: Texinfo. (line 3612) * AM_PATH_LISPDIR: Public macros. (line 1197) * AM_PROG_GCJ: Public macros. (line 1217) * AM_RFLAGS: Fortran 77 Support. (line 2675) * AM_RUNTESTFLAGS: Tests. (line 4098) * AUTOCONF: Invoking Automake. (line 594) * AUTOM4TE: Invoking aclocal. (line 947) * AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS: ANSI. (line 2880) * AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS <1>: Dependencies. (line 2950) * AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS <2>: Options. (line 4199) * bin_PROGRAMS: Program Sources. (line 1638) * bin_SCRIPTS: Scripts. (line 3052) * build_alias: Optional. (line 818) * BUILT_SOURCES: Sources. (line 3123) * CC: Program variables. (line 2438) * CCAS: Assembly Support. (line 2640) * CCASFLAGS: Assembly Support. (line 2640) * CFLAGS: Program variables. (line 2438) * check_LTLIBRARIES: Libtool Convenience Libraries. (line 2035) * check_PROGRAMS: Program Sources. (line 1638) * check_PROGRAMS <1>: Default _SOURCES. (line 2392) * check_SCRIPTS: Scripts. (line 3052) * CLASSPATH_ENV: Java. (line 3421) * CLEANFILES: Clean. (line 3817) * COMPILE: Program variables. (line 2469) * CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES: Rebuilding. (line 4136) * CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES: Rebuilding. (line 4136) * CPPFLAGS: Program variables. (line 2438) * CXX: C++ Support. (line 2616) * CXXCOMPILE: C++ Support. (line 2625) * CXXFLAGS: C++ Support. (line 2619) * CXXLINK: C++ Support. (line 2629) * DATA: Uniform. (line 244) * DATA <1>: Data. (line 3086) * data_DATA: Data. (line 3088) * DEFS: Program variables. (line 2438) * DEJATOOL: Tests. (line 4093) * DESTDIR: Install. (line 3773) * DISTCHECK_CONFIGURE_FLAGS: Dist. (line 3953) * distcleancheck_listfiles: Dist. (line 3944) * distcleancheck_listfiles <1>: Dist. (line 3975) * distcleancheck_listfiles <2>: distcleancheck. (line 5170) * DISTCLEANFILES: Clean. (line 3817) * distdir: Dist. (line 3923) * distuninstallcheck_listfiles: Dist. (line 3944) * dist_: Dist. (line 3893) * dist_lisp_LISP: gettext. (line 3374) * dist_noinst_LISP: gettext. (line 3374) * DIST_SUBDIRS: Top level. (line 1527) * DIST_SUBDIRS <1>: Dist. (line 3882) * DVIPS: Texinfo. (line 3637) * ETAGSFLAGS: Tags. (line 4360) * ETAGS_ARGS: Tags. (line 4360) * EXPECT: Tests. (line 4093) * EXTRA_DIST: Dist. (line 3874) * EXTRA_PROGRAMS: Conditional Programs. (line 1820) * F77: Fortran 77 Support. (line 2663) * F77COMPILE: Fortran 77 Support. (line 2678) * FFLAGS: Fortran 77 Support. (line 2666) * FLINK: Fortran 77 Support. (line 2682) * GCJFLAGS: Java Support. (line 2841) * GTAGS_ARGS: Tags. (line 4384) * HEADERS: Uniform. (line 244) * HEADERS <1>: Headers. (line 3064) * host_alias: Optional. (line 813) * host_triplet: Optional. (line 813) * INCLUDES: Program variables. (line 2457) * include_HEADERS: Headers. (line 3072) * info_TEXINFOS: Texinfo. (line 3534) * JAVA: Uniform. (line 244) * JAVAC: Java. (line 3405) * JAVACFLAGS: Java. (line 3408) * JAVAROOT: Java. (line 3417) * LDADD: Linking. (line 1684) * LDFLAGS: Program variables. (line 2438) * LIBADD: A Library. (line 1871) * libexec_PROGRAMS: Program Sources. (line 1638) * libexec_SCRIPTS: Scripts. (line 3052) * LIBOBJS: Optional. (line 834) * LIBOBJS <1>: LTLIBOBJ. (line 2110) * LIBRARIES: Uniform. (line 244) * LIBS: Program variables. (line 2438) * lib_LIBRARIES: A Library. (line 1850) * lib_LTLIBRARIES: Libtool Libraries. (line 1936) * LINK: Program variables. (line 2478) * LISP: Uniform. (line 244) * LISP <1>: Emacs Lisp. (line 3330) * lisp_LISP: Emacs Lisp. (line 3330) * localstate_DATA: Data. (line 3088) * LTLIBOBJS: LTLIBOBJ. (line 2110) * m4_include: Optional. (line 898) * m4_include, distribution: Dist. (line 3865) * MAINTAINERCLEANFILES: Clean. (line 3817) * MAKE: Top level. (line 1465) * MAKEFLAGS: Top level. (line 1465) * MAKEINFO: Texinfo. (line 3595) * MAKEINFOFLAGS: Texinfo. (line 3605) * MAKEINFOHTML: Texinfo. (line 3601) * MANS: Uniform. (line 244) * MANS <1>: Man pages. (line 3658) * man_MANS: Man pages. (line 3658) * MOSTLYCLEANFILES: Clean. (line 3817) * nodist_: Dist. (line 3893) * noinst_HEADERS: Headers. (line 3062) * noinst_LIBRARIES: A Library. (line 1850) * noinst_LISP: Emacs Lisp. (line 3330) * noinst_LTLIBRARIES: Libtool Convenience Libraries. (line 2035) * noinst_PROGRAMS: Program Sources. (line 1638) * noinst_SCRIPTS: Scripts. (line 3052) * oldinclude_HEADERS: Headers. (line 3072) * PACKAGE: Dist. (line 3849) * PACKAGE, directory: Uniform. (line 192) * PACKAGE, prevent definition: Public macros. (line 1184) * pkgdatadir: Uniform. (line 185) * pkgdata_DATA: Data. (line 3088) * pkgdata_SCRIPTS: Scripts. (line 3052) * pkgincludedir: Uniform. (line 185) * pkginclude_HEADERS: Headers. (line 3072) * pkglibdir: Uniform. (line 185) * pkglib_LIBRARIES: A Library. (line 1850) * pkglib_LTLIBRARIES: Libtool Libraries. (line 1936) * pkglib_PROGRAMS: Program Sources. (line 1638) * pkgpyexecdir: Python. (line 3510) * pkgpythondir: Python. (line 3501) * PROGRAMS: Uniform. (line 183) * PROGRAMS <1>: Uniform. (line 244) * pyexecdir: Python. (line 3506) * PYTHON: Uniform. (line 244) * PYTHON <1>: Python. (line 3464) * pythondir: Python. (line 3497) * PYTHON_EXEC_PREFIX: Python. (line 3487) * PYTHON_PLATFORM: Python. (line 3492) * PYTHON_PREFIX: Python. (line 3482) * PYTHON_VERSION: Python. (line 3478) * RFLAGS: Fortran 77 Support. (line 2672) * RUNTEST: Tests. (line 4093) * RUNTESTDEFAULTFLAGS: Tests. (line 4088) * RUNTESTFLAGS: Tests. (line 4098) * sbin_PROGRAMS: Program Sources. (line 1638) * sbin_SCRIPTS: Scripts. (line 3052) * SCRIPTS: Uniform. (line 244) * SCRIPTS <1>: Scripts. (line 3023) * sharedstate_DATA: Data. (line 3088) * SOURCES: Program Sources. (line 1665) * SOURCES <1>: Default _SOURCES. (line 2369) * SUBDIRS: Top level. (line 1445) * SUFFIXES: Suffixes. (line 4389) * sysconf_DATA: Data. (line 3088) * TAGS_DEPENDENCIES: Tags. (line 4370) * target_alias: Optional. (line 818) * TESTS: Tests. (line 4065) * TESTS_ENVIRONMENT: Tests. (line 4065) * TEXI2DVI: Texinfo. (line 3628) * TEXI2PDF: Texinfo. (line 3633) * TEXINFOS: Uniform. (line 244) * TEXINFOS <1>: Texinfo. (line 3534) * TEXINFOS <2>: Texinfo. (line 3572) * TEXINFO_TEX: Texinfo. (line 3641) * top_distdir: Dist. (line 3923) * VERSION: Dist. (line 3849) * VERSION, prevent definition: Public macros. (line 1184) * WARNINGS: Invoking Automake. (line 724) * WITH_DMALLOC: Public macros. (line 1226) * WITH_REGEX: Public macros. (line 1232) * XFAIL_TESTS: Tests. (line 4069) * YACC: Optional. (line 863) B.2 General Index ================= * Menu: * ## (special Automake comment): General Operation. (line 121) * --acdir: aclocal options. (line 961) * --add-missing: Invoking Automake. (line 607) * --copy: Invoking Automake. (line 629) * --cygnus: Invoking Automake. (line 633) * --enable-maintainer-mode: Optional. (line 891) * --force: aclocal options. (line 972) * --force-missing: Invoking Automake. (line 638) * --foreign: Invoking Automake. (line 644) * --gnits: Invoking Automake. (line 648) * --gnu: Invoking Automake. (line 652) * --help: Invoking Automake. (line 656) * --help <1>: aclocal options. (line 965) * --include-deps: Invoking Automake. (line 664) * --libdir: Invoking Automake. (line 624) * --no-force: Invoking Automake. (line 669) * --output: aclocal options. (line 977) * --output-dir: Invoking Automake. (line 676) * --print-ac-dir: aclocal options. (line 980) * --verbose: Invoking Automake. (line 683) * --verbose <1>: aclocal options. (line 986) * --version: Invoking Automake. (line 687) * --version <1>: aclocal options. (line 989) * --warnings: Invoking Automake. (line 691) * --with-dmalloc: Public macros. (line 1226) * --with-regex: Public macros. (line 1232) * -a: Invoking Automake. (line 607) * -c: Invoking Automake. (line 628) * -enable-debug, example: Conditionals. (line 4484) * -f: Invoking Automake. (line 637) * -gnits, complete description: Gnits. (line 4552) * -gnu, complete description: Gnits. (line 4537) * -gnu, required files: Gnits. (line 4537) * -hook targets: Extending. (line 4669) * -i: Invoking Automake. (line 660) * -I: aclocal options. (line 968) * -local targets: Extending. (line 4652) * -module, libtool: Libtool Modules. (line 2082) * -o: Invoking Automake. (line 676) * -v: Invoking Automake. (line 683) * -W: Invoking Automake. (line 691) * .la suffix, defined: Libtool Concept. (line 1899) * _DATA primary, defined: Data. (line 3085) * _DEPENDENCIES, defined: Linking. (line 1715) * _HEADERS primary, defined: Headers. (line 3062) * _JAVA primary, defined: Java. (line 3388) * _LDFLAGS, defined: Linking. (line 1711) * _LDFLAGS, libtool: Libtool Flags. (line 2099) * _LIBADD primary, defined: A Library. (line 1869) * _LIBADD, libtool: Libtool Flags. (line 2099) * _LIBRARIES primary, defined: A Library. (line 1850) * _LISP primary, defined: Emacs Lisp. (line 3330) * _LTLIBRARIES primary, defined: Libtool Libraries. (line 1936) * _MANS primary, defined: Man pages. (line 3654) * _PROGRAMS primary variable: Uniform. (line 177) * _PYTHON primary, defined: Python. (line 3429) * _SCRIPTS primary, defined: Scripts. (line 3020) * _SOURCES and header files: Program Sources. (line 1671) * _SOURCES primary, defined: Program Sources. (line 1664) * _SOURCES, default: Default _SOURCES. (line 2369) * _SOURCES, empty: Default _SOURCES. (line 2406) * _TEXINFOS primary, defined: Texinfo. (line 3530) * acinclude.m4, defined: Complete. (line 385) * aclocal program, introduction: Complete. (line 385) * aclocal search path: Macro search path. (line 994) * aclocal's scheduled death: Future of aclocal. (line 1403) * aclocal, extending: Extending aclocal. (line 1274) * aclocal, Invoking: Invoking aclocal. (line 911) * aclocal, Options: aclocal options. (line 958) * aclocal.m4, preexisting: Complete. (line 385) * AC_SUBST and SUBDIRS: Top level. (line 1538) * Adding new SUFFIXES: Suffixes. (line 4389) * all: Extending. (line 4656) * all-local: Extending. (line 4656) * ALLOCA, special handling: LIBOBJS. (line 2420) * AM_CONDITIONAL and SUBDIRS: Top level. (line 1508) * AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE, example use: Complete. (line 373) * AM_MAINTAINER_MODE, purpose: maintainer-mode. (line 4956) * ansi2knr: ANSI. (line 2880) * ansi2knr and LIBOBJS: ANSI. (line 2914) * ansi2knr and LTLIBOBJS: ANSI. (line 2914) * Append operator: General Operation. (line 90) * autogen.sh and autoreconf: Libtool Issues. (line 2124) * Automake constraints: Introduction. (line 41) * Automake options: Invoking Automake. (line 603) * Automake requirements: Introduction. (line 46) * Automake requirements <1>: Requirements. (line 746) * Automake, invoking: Invoking Automake. (line 572) * Automake, recursive operation: General Operation. (line 111) * Automatic dependency tracking: Dependencies. (line 2928) * Automatic linker selection: How the Linker is Chosen. (line 2788) * autoreconf and libtoolize: Libtool Issues. (line 2124) * Auxiliary programs: Auxiliary Programs. (line 294) * Avoiding path stripping: Alternative. (line 1603) * bootstrap.sh and autoreconf: Libtool Issues. (line 2124) * BUGS, reporting: Introduction. (line 50) * BUILT_SOURCES, defined: Sources. (line 3123) * C++ support: C++ Support. (line 2606) * canonicalizing Automake variables: Canonicalization. (line 253) * cfortran: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++. (line 2733) * check: Extending. (line 4656) * check primary prefix, definition: Uniform. (line 238) * check-local: Extending. (line 4656) * check_PROGRAMS example: Default _SOURCES. (line 2392) * clean: Extending. (line 4656) * clean-local: Extending. (line 4656) * Comment, special to Automake: General Operation. (line 121) * Complete example: Complete. (line 368) * Conditional example, -enable-debug: Conditionals. (line 4484) * conditional libtool libraries: Conditional Libtool Libraries. (line 1950) * Conditional programs: Conditional Programs. (line 1806) * Conditional subdirectories: Top level. (line 1482) * Conditional SUBDIRS: Top level. (line 1482) * Conditionals: Conditionals. (line 4467) * config.guess: Invoking Automake. (line 605) * configure.ac, from GNU Hello: Hello. (line 426) * configure.ac, scanning: configure. (line 734) * conflicting definitions: Extending. (line 4630) * Constraints of Automake: Introduction. (line 41) * convenience libraries, libtool: Libtool Convenience Libraries. (line 2035) * copying semantics: Extending. (line 4626) * cpio example: Uniform. (line 201) * CVS and generated files: CVS. (line 4825) * CVS and third-party files: CVS. (line 4913) * CVS and timestamps: CVS. (line 4804) * cvs-dist: General Operation. (line 79) * cvs-dist, non-standard example: General Operation. (line 79) * Cygnus strictness: Cygnus. (line 4578) * DATA primary, defined: Data. (line 3085) * de-ANSI-fication, defined: ANSI. (line 2872) * default source, Libtool modules example: Default _SOURCES. (line 2400) * default _SOURCES: Default _SOURCES. (line 2369) * definitions, conflicts: Extending. (line 4630) * dejagnu: Tests. (line 4093) * depcomp: Dependencies. (line 2939) * dependencies and distributed files: distcleancheck. (line 5065) * Dependency tracking: Dependencies. (line 2928) * Dependency tracking, disabling: Dependencies. (line 2952) * dirlist: Macro search path. (line 1046) * Disabling dependency tracking: Dependencies. (line 2953) * dist: Dist. (line 3849) * dist-bzip2: Dist. (line 4021) * dist-bzip2 <1>: Options. (line 4225) * dist-gzip: Dist. (line 4024) * dist-hook: Dist. (line 3905) * dist-hook <1>: Extending. (line 4672) * dist-shar: Dist. (line 4027) * dist-shar <1>: Options. (line 4228) * dist-tarZ: Dist. (line 4033) * dist-tarZ <1>: Options. (line 4234) * dist-zip: Dist. (line 4030) * dist-zip <1>: Options. (line 4231) * distcheck: Dist. (line 3948) * distclean: Extending. (line 4656) * distclean <1>: distcleancheck. (line 5065) * distclean, diagnostic: distcleancheck. (line 5065) * distclean-local: Extending. (line 4656) * distcleancheck: Dist. (line 3969) * distcleancheck <1>: distcleancheck. (line 5065) * dist_ and nobase_: Alternative. (line 1609) * DIST_SUBDIRS, explained: Top level. (line 1562) * dmalloc, support for: Public macros. (line 1226) * dvi: Extending. (line 4656) * DVI output using Texinfo: Texinfo. (line 3530) * dvi-local: Extending. (line 4656) * E-mail, bug reports: Introduction. (line 50) * EDITION Texinfo flag: Texinfo. (line 3542) * else: Conditionals. (line 4499) * empty _SOURCES: Default _SOURCES. (line 2406) * endif: Conditionals. (line 4499) * Example conditional -enable-debug: Conditionals. (line 4484) * Example of recursive operation: General Operation. (line 111) * Example of shared libraries: Libtool Libraries. (line 1936) * Example, EXTRA_PROGRAMS: Uniform. (line 201) * Example, false and true: true. (line 501) * Example, GNU Hello: Hello. (line 416) * Example, handling Texinfo files: Hello. (line 474) * Example, mixed language: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++. (line 2762) * Example, regression test: Hello. (line 482) * Executable extension: EXEEXT. (line 2962) * Exit status 77, special interpretation: Tests. (line 4056) * Expected test failure: Tests. (line 4067) * Extending aclocal: Extending aclocal. (line 1274) * Extending list of installation directories: Uniform. (line 220) * Extension, executable: EXEEXT. (line 2962) * Extra files distributed with Automake: Invoking Automake. (line 605) * EXTRA_, prepending: Uniform. (line 194) * EXTRA_PROGRAMS, defined: Uniform. (line 201) * EXTRA_PROGRAMS, defined <1>: Conditional Programs. (line 1820) * EXTRA_prog_SOURCES, defined: Conditional Sources. (line 1743) * false Example: true. (line 501) * FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License. (line 5217) * Files distributed with Automake: Invoking Automake. (line 605) * First line of Makefile.am: General Operation. (line 127) * FLIBS, defined: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++. (line 2748) * foreign strictness: Strictness. (line 136) * Fortran 77 support: Fortran 77 Support. (line 2653) * Fortran 77, mixing with C and C++: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++. (line 2733) * Fortran 77, Preprocessing: Preprocessing Fortran 77. (line 2702) * generated files and CVS: CVS. (line 4825) * generated files, distributed: CVS. (line 4785) * Gettext support: gettext. (line 3366) * gnits strictness: Strictness. (line 136) * GNU Gettext support: gettext. (line 3366) * GNU Hello, configure.ac: Hello. (line 426) * GNU Hello, example: Hello. (line 416) * GNU make extensions: General Operation. (line 86) * GNU Makefile standards: Introduction. (line 31) * gnu strictness: Strictness. (line 136) * Header files in _SOURCES: Program Sources. (line 1671) * HEADERS primary, defined: Headers. (line 3062) * HEADERS, installation directories: Headers. (line 3072) * Hello example: Hello. (line 416) * Hello, configure.ac: Hello. (line 426) * hook targets: Extending. (line 4669) * HP-UX 10, lex problems: Public macros. (line 1210) * html: Extending. (line 4656) * HTML installation, example: Uniform. (line 227) * HTML output using Texinfo: Texinfo. (line 3530) * html-local: Extending. (line 4656) * id: Tags. (line 4379) * if: Conditionals. (line 4499) * include: Include. (line 4443) * INCLUDES, example usage: Hello. (line 490) * Including Makefile fragment: Include. (line 4443) * info: Options. (line 4269) * info <1>: Extending. (line 4656) * info-local: Extending. (line 4656) * install: Install. (line 3742) * install <1>: Extending. (line 4656) * Install hook: Install. (line 3768) * Install, two parts of: Install. (line 3742) * install-data: Install. (line 3742) * install-data-hook: Extending. (line 4672) * install-data-local: Install. (line 3762) * install-data-local <1>: Extending. (line 4656) * install-exec: Install. (line 3742) * install-exec <1>: Extending. (line 4656) * install-exec-hook: Extending. (line 4672) * install-exec-local: Install. (line 3762) * install-exec-local <1>: Extending. (line 4656) * install-info: Texinfo. (line 3589) * install-info <1>: Options. (line 4269) * install-info target: Texinfo. (line 3589) * install-man: Man pages. (line 3685) * install-man <1>: Options. (line 4275) * install-man target: Man pages. (line 3680) * install-strip: Install. (line 3798) * Installation directories, extending list: Uniform. (line 220) * Installation support: Install. (line 3703) * installcheck: Extending. (line 4656) * installcheck-local: Extending. (line 4656) * installdirs: Install. (line 3798) * installdirs <1>: Extending. (line 4656) * installdirs-local: Extending. (line 4656) * Installing headers: Headers. (line 3072) * Installing scripts: Scripts. (line 3052) * installing versioned binaries: Extending. (line 4688) * Invoking aclocal: Invoking aclocal. (line 911) * Invoking Automake: Invoking Automake. (line 572) * JAVA primary, defined: Java. (line 3388) * JAVA restrictions: Java. (line 3395) * Java support: Java Support. (line 2833) * lex problems with HP-UX 10: Public macros. (line 1210) * lex, multiple lexers: Yacc and Lex. (line 2541) * LIBADD primary, defined: A Library. (line 1869) * libltdl, introduction: Libtool Concept. (line 1922) * LIBOBJS and ansi2knr: ANSI. (line 2914) * LIBOBJS, special handling: LIBOBJS. (line 2420) * LIBRARIES primary, defined: A Library. (line 1850) * libtool convenience libraries: Libtool Convenience Libraries. (line 2035) * libtool libraries, conditional: Conditional Libtool Libraries. (line 1950) * libtool library, definition: Libtool Concept. (line 1899) * libtool modules: Libtool Modules. (line 2082) * Libtool modules, default source example: Default _SOURCES. (line 2400) * libtool, introduction: Libtool Concept. (line 1899) * libtoolize and autoreconf: Libtool Issues. (line 2124) * libtoolize, no longer run by Automake: Libtool Issues. (line 2124) * Linking Fortran 77 with C and C++: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++. (line 2733) * LISP primary, defined: Emacs Lisp. (line 3330) * LN_S example: Extending. (line 4688) * local targets: Extending. (line 4652) * LTLIBOBJS and ansi2knr: ANSI. (line 2914) * LTLIBOBJS, special handling: LTLIBOBJ. (line 2110) * LTLIBRARIES primary, defined: Libtool Libraries. (line 1936) * ltmain.sh not found: Libtool Issues. (line 2124) * Macro search path: Macro search path. (line 994) * Macros Automake recognizes: Optional. (line 773) * make check: Tests. (line 4042) * make clean support: Clean. (line 3810) * make dist: Dist. (line 3845) * make distcheck: Dist. (line 3944) * make distcleancheck: Dist. (line 3944) * make distuninstallcheck: Dist. (line 3944) * make install support: Install. (line 3702) * make installcheck: Options. (line 4295) * Make rules, overriding: General Operation. (line 99) * Make targets, overriding: General Operation. (line 99) * Makefile fragment, including: Include. (line 4443) * Makefile.am, first line: General Operation. (line 127) * MANS primary, defined: Man pages. (line 3654) * mdate-sh: Texinfo. (line 3542) * missing, purpose: maintainer-mode. (line 4930) * Mixed language example: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++. (line 2762) * Mixing Fortran 77 with C and C++: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++. (line 2733) * Mixing Fortran 77 with C and/or C++: Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++. (line 2733) * modules, libtool: Libtool Modules. (line 2082) * mostlyclean: Extending. (line 4656) * mostlyclean-local: Extending. (line 4656) * Multiple configure.ac files: Invoking Automake. (line 572) * Multiple lex lexers: Yacc and Lex. (line 2541) * Multiple yacc parsers: Yacc and Lex. (line 2541) * no-dependencies: Dependencies. (line 2950) * no-dist-gzip: Options. (line 4253) * no-installinfo: Texinfo. (line 3589) * no-installman: Man pages. (line 3685) * no-texinfo.tex: Texinfo. (line 3584) * nobase_: Alternative. (line 1603) * nobase_ and dist_ or nodist_: Alternative. (line 1609) * nodist_ and nobase_: Alternative. (line 1609) * noinst primary prefix, definition: Uniform. (line 233) * noinstall-info target: Texinfo. (line 3589) * noinstall-man target: Man pages. (line 3680) * Non-GNU packages: Strictness. (line 132) * Non-standard targets: General Operation. (line 79) * Objects in subdirectory: Program and Library Variables. (line 2234) * Option, ansi2knr: Options. (line 4211) * Option, check-news: Options. (line 4218) * Option, cygnus: Options. (line 4205) * Option, dejagnu: Options. (line 4222) * Option, dist-bzip2: Options. (line 4225) * Option, dist-shar: Options. (line 4228) * Option, dist-tarZ: Options. (line 4234) * Option, dist-zip: Options. (line 4231) * Option, foreign: Options. (line 4205) * Option, gnits: Options. (line 4205) * Option, gnu: Options. (line 4205) * Option, no-define: Options. (line 4237) * Option, no-dependencies: Options. (line 4242) * Option, no-dist: Options. (line 4249) * Option, no-dist-gzip: Options. (line 4253) * Option, no-exeext: Options. (line 4256) * Option, no-installinfo: Options. (line 4266) * Option, no-installman: Options. (line 4272) * Option, no-texinfo: Options. (line 4282) * Option, nostdinc: Options. (line 4278) * Option, readme-alpha: Options. (line 4286) * Option, version: Options. (line 4322) * Option, warnings: Options. (line 4327) * Options, aclocal: aclocal options. (line 958) * Options, Automake: Invoking Automake. (line 603) * Options, std-options: Options. (line 4295) * Overriding make rules: General Operation. (line 99) * Overriding make targets: General Operation. (line 99) * Overriding make variables: General Operation. (line 104) * overriding rules: Extending. (line 4641) * overriding semantics: Extending. (line 4641) * Path stripping, avoiding: Alternative. (line 1603) * pdf: Extending. (line 4656) * PDF output using Texinfo: Texinfo. (line 3530) * pdf-local: Extending. (line 4656) * per-target compilation flags, defined: Program and Library Variables. (line 2319) * pkgdatadir, defined: Uniform. (line 185) * pkgincludedir, defined: Uniform. (line 185) * pkglibdir, defined: Uniform. (line 185) * POSIX termios headers: Public macros. (line 1220) * Preprocessing Fortran 77: Preprocessing Fortran 77. (line 2702) * Primary variable, DATA: Data. (line 3085) * Primary variable, defined: Uniform. (line 177) * Primary variable, HEADERS: Headers. (line 3062) * Primary variable, JAVA: Java. (line 3388) * Primary variable, LIBADD: A Library. (line 1869) * Primary variable, LIBRARIES: A Library. (line 1850) * Primary variable, LISP: Emacs Lisp. (line 3330) * Primary variable, LTLIBRARIES: Libtool Libraries. (line 1936) * Primary variable, MANS: Man pages. (line 3654) * Primary variable, PROGRAMS: Uniform. (line 177) * Primary variable, PYTHON: Python. (line 3429) * Primary variable, SCRIPTS: Scripts. (line 3020) * Primary variable, SOURCES: Program Sources. (line 1664) * Primary variable, TEXINFOS: Texinfo. (line 3530) * PROGRAMS primary variable: Uniform. (line 177) * Programs, auxiliary: Auxiliary Programs. (line 294) * PROGRAMS, bindir: Program Sources. (line 1638) * Programs, conditional: Conditional Programs. (line 1806) * prog_LDADD, defined: Linking. (line 1686) * ps: Extending. (line 4656) * PS output using Texinfo: Texinfo. (line 3530) * ps-local: Extending. (line 4656) * PYTHON primary, defined: Python. (line 3429) * Ratfor programs: Preprocessing Fortran 77. (line 2702) * README-alpha: Gnits. (line 4565) * rebuild rules: Rebuilding. (line 4123) * rebuild rules <1>: CVS. (line 4785) * Recognized macros by Automake: Optional. (line 773) * Recursive operation of Automake: General Operation. (line 111) * regex package: Public macros. (line 1232) * Regression test example: Hello. (line 482) * Reporting BUGS: Introduction. (line 50) * Requirements of Automake: Requirements. (line 746) * Requirements, Automake: Introduction. (line 46) * Restrictions for JAVA: Java. (line 3395) * Rule, install-info: Texinfo. (line 3589) * Rule, install-man: Man pages. (line 3680) * Rule, noinstall-info: Texinfo. (line 3589) * Rule, noinstall-man: Man pages. (line 3680) * rules, conflicting: Extending. (line 4630) * rules, overriding: Extending. (line 4641) * rx package: Public macros. (line 1232) * Scanning configure.ac: configure. (line 734) * SCRIPTS primary, defined: Scripts. (line 3020) * SCRIPTS, installation directories: Scripts. (line 3052) * Selecting the linker automatically: How the Linker is Chosen. (line 2788) * Shared libraries, support for: A Shared Library. (line 1892) * site.exp: Tests. (line 4100) * SOURCES primary, defined: Program Sources. (line 1664) * Special Automake comment: General Operation. (line 121) * Strictness, command line: Invoking Automake. (line 603) * Strictness, defined: Strictness. (line 136) * Strictness, foreign: Strictness. (line 136) * Strictness, gnits: Strictness. (line 136) * Strictness, gnu: Strictness. (line 136) * Subdirectories, building conditionally: Top level. (line 1482) * Subdirectory, objects in: Program and Library Variables. (line 2234) * SUBDIRS and AC_SUBST: Top level. (line 1538) * SUBDIRS and AM_CONDITIONAL: Top level. (line 1508) * SUBDIRS, conditional: Top level. (line 1482) * SUBDIRS, explained: Top level. (line 1443) * suffix .la, defined: Libtool Concept. (line 1899) * suffix .lo, defined: Libtool Concept. (line 1908) * SUFFIXES, adding: Suffixes. (line 4389) * Support for C++: C++ Support. (line 2606) * Support for Fortran 77: Fortran 77 Support. (line 2653) * Support for GNU Gettext: gettext. (line 3366) * Support for Java: Java Support. (line 2833) * tags: Tags. (line 4350) * TAGS support: Tags. (line 4346) * Target, install-info: Texinfo. (line 3589) * Target, install-man: Man pages. (line 3680) * Target, noinstall-info: Texinfo. (line 3589) * Target, noinstall-man: Man pages. (line 3680) * termios POSIX headers: Public macros. (line 1220) * Test suites: Tests. (line 4042) * Tests, expected failure: Tests. (line 4067) * Texinfo file handling example: Hello. (line 474) * Texinfo flag, EDITION: Texinfo. (line 3542) * Texinfo flag, UPDATED: Texinfo. (line 3542) * Texinfo flag, UPDATED-MONTH: Texinfo. (line 3542) * Texinfo flag, VERSION: Texinfo. (line 3542) * texinfo.tex: Texinfo. (line 3577) * TEXINFOS primary, defined: Texinfo. (line 3530) * third-party files and CVS: CVS. (line 4913) * timestamps and CVS: CVS. (line 4804) * true Example: true. (line 501) * underquoted AC_DEFUN: Extending aclocal. (line 1297) * Uniform naming scheme: Uniform. (line 172) * uninstall: Install. (line 3798) * uninstall <1>: Extending. (line 4656) * uninstall-hook: Extending. (line 4672) * uninstall-local: Extending. (line 4656) * UPDATED Texinfo flag: Texinfo. (line 3542) * UPDATED-MONTH Texinfo flag: Texinfo. (line 3542) * user variables: User Variables. (line 273) * variables, conflicting: Extending. (line 4630) * Variables, overriding: General Operation. (line 104) * variables, reserved for the user: User Variables. (line 273) * VERSION Texinfo flag: Texinfo. (line 3542) * version.m4, example: Rebuilding. (line 4136) * version.sh, example: Rebuilding. (line 4136) * versioned binaries, installing: Extending. (line 4688) * wildcards: wildcards. (line 4999) * Windows: EXEEXT. (line 2962) * yacc, multiple parsers: Yacc and Lex. (line 2541) * ylwrap: Yacc and Lex. (line 2541) * zardoz example: Complete. (line 397) GNU Automake 1 Introduction 2 General ideas 2.1 General Operation 2.2 Strictness 2.3 The Uniform Naming Scheme 2.4 How derived variables are named 2.5 Variables reserved for the user 2.6 Programs automake might require 3 Some example packages 3.1 A simple example, start to finish 3.2 A classic program 3.3 Building true and false 4 Creating a 'Makefile.in' 5 Scanning 'configure.ac' 5.1 Configuration requirements 5.2 Other things Automake recognizes 5.3 Auto-generating aclocal.m4 5.4 aclocal options 5.5 Macro search path 5.5.1 Modifying the macro search path: '--acdir' 5.5.2 Modifying the macro search path: '-I DIR' 5.5.3 Modifying the macro search path: 'dirlist' 5.6 Autoconf macros supplied with Automake 5.6.1 Public macros 5.6.2 Private macros 5.7 Writing your own aclocal macros 5.8 Handling Local Macros 5.9 The Future of 'aclocal' 6 The top-level 'Makefile.am' 6.1 Recursing subdirectories 6.2 Conditional subdirectories 6.2.1 Conditional subdirectories with 'AM_CONDITIONAL' 6.2.2 Conditional subdirectories with 'AC_SUBST' 6.2.3 How 'DIST_SUBDIRS' is used 7 An Alternative Approach to Subdirectories 8 Building Programs and Libraries 8.1 Building a program 8.1.1 Defining program sources 8.1.2 Linking the program 8.1.3 Conditional compilation of sources 8.1.3.1 Conditional compilation using '_LDADD' substitutions 8.1.3.2 Conditional compilation using Automake conditionals 8.1.4 Conditional compilation of programs 8.1.4.1 Conditional programs using 'configure' substitutions 8.1.4.2 Conditional programs using Automake conditionals 8.2 Building a library 8.3 Building a Shared Library 8.3.1 The Libtool Concept 8.3.2 Building Libtool Libraries 8.3.3 Building Libtool Libraries Conditionally 8.3.4 Libtool Libraries with Conditional Sources 8.3.5 Libtool Convenience Libraries 8.3.6 Libtool Modules 8.3.7 _LIBADD and _LDFLAGS 8.3.8 'LTLIBOBJS' 8.3.9 Common Issues Related to Libtool's Use 8.3.9.1 'required file `./ltmain.sh' not found' 8.3.9.2 Objects 'created with both libtool and without' 8.4 Program and Library Variables 8.5 Default '_SOURCES' 8.6 Special handling for LIBOBJS and ALLOCA 8.7 Variables used when building a program 8.8 Yacc and Lex support 8.9 C++ Support 8.10 Assembly Support 8.11 Fortran 77 Support 8.11.1 Preprocessing Fortran 77 8.11.2 Compiling Fortran 77 Files 8.11.3 Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++ 8.11.3.1 How the Linker is Chosen 8.12 Java Support 8.13 Support for Other Languages 8.14 Automatic de-ANSI-fication 8.15 Automatic dependency tracking 8.16 Support for executable extensions 9 Other Derived Objects 9.1 Executable Scripts 9.2 Header files 9.3 Architecture-independent data files 9.4 Built sources 9.4.1 Built sources example First try Using 'BUILT_SOURCES' Recording dependencies manually Build 'bindir.h' from 'configure' Build 'bindir.c', not 'bindir.h'. Which is best? 10 Other GNU Tools 10.1 Emacs Lisp 10.2 Gettext 10.3 Libtool 10.4 Java 10.5 Python 11 Building documentation 11.1 Texinfo 11.2 Man pages 12 What Gets Installed 12.1 Basics of installation 12.2 The two parts of install 12.3 Extending installation 12.4 Staged installs 12.5 Rules for the user 13 What Gets Cleaned 14 What Goes in a Distribution 14.1 Basics of distribution 14.2 Fine-grained distribution control 14.3 The dist hook 14.4 Checking the distribution 14.5 The types of distributions 15 Support for test suites 15.1 Simple Tests 15.2 DejaGnu Tests 15.3 Install Tests 16 Rebuilding Makefiles 17 Changing Automake's Behavior 18 Miscellaneous Rules 18.1 Interfacing to 'etags' 18.2 Handling new file extensions 18.3 Support for Multilibs 19 Include 20 Conditionals 21 The effect of '--gnu' and '--gnits' 22 The effect of '--cygnus' 23 When Automake Isn't Enough 24 Distributing 'Makefile.in's 25 Automake API versioning 26 Frequently Asked Questions about Automake 26.1 CVS and generated files 26.1.1 Background: distributed generated files 26.1.2 Background: CVS and timestamps 26.1.3 Living with CVS in Autoconfiscated projects 26.1.4 Third-party files 26.2 'missing' and 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' 26.2.1 'missing' 26.2.2 'AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' 26.3 Why doesn't Automake support wildcards? 26.4 Files left in build directory after distclean 26.5 Why are object files sometimes renamed? Appendix A Copying This Manual A.1 GNU Free Documentation License A.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents Appendix B Indices B.1 Macro and Variable Index B.2 General Index